A NUMERICAL ESTUARINE FLOW MODEL1

A novel estuarine flow model is proposed. It provides some two-dimensional features while using an essentially one-dimensional approach. The model is applied to the Upper Delaware Estuary, and is shown to match available field data with acceptable accuracy. The model is shown to be numerically stable and reasonably mass conservative.     

Reconstructed Stream Flow for the Salt and Verde Rivers From Tree-Ring Data1

ABSTRACT: The Salt and Verde Rivers of central Arizona provide the water supply for metropolitan Phoenix and a considerable acreage of irrigated agriculture. Rapid urbanization has caused concern over future water supply and aggravated flooding in the already flood-prone Salt River Valley. Tree-ring data were used as a proxy source to extend the annual and seasonal runoff records back to A.D. 1580 and thus to determine whether the period of record for annual discharge adequately represents the long term flow characteristics of the two rivers. Results show that several periods of extended low flow have occurred during the past 400 years, many of which were more severe then any comparable period since 1890. The low flow periods appear to have a recurrence interval of about 22 years. Also the gaged records contain an above average number of high seasonal and annual flows when compared to the entire 400 years. The reconstructions contain important implications for future water supply and flood potentials in the Salt River Valley.     

贫营养条件下生物除铁除锰滤池生态稳定性研究

采用将反冲洗排水回流至生物除铁除锰滤池的方式补给滤层细菌数量、回流可利用营养物质.试验从滤池整体除铁除锰效果、微生态特性及优势细菌数量分布3方面考察滤池的生态稳定性.结果表明,在高滤速(10～13.9 m/h)、高锰浓度(3.5～4.5 mg/L)条件下生物滤池对铁锰的去除率达98.9%以上,滤池具有较强的抗负荷冲击能力.铁、锰氧化细菌为滤层的优势菌群,数量达106数量级,它们既附着在滤料表面上(4.3×106个/mL)形成致密的生物膜,又存在于滤料间(6.5×106个/mL)形成以细菌为主体的悬浮絮体,此絮体对铁锰的彻底去除至关重要.经过近5年的连续运行,在不投加营养盐的前提下生物滤池实现了稳定运行,保持了高除铁除锰效率.     

气浮、A/O生物脱氮工艺在处理焦化污水中的应用

焦化厂污水中含有大量油类、酚氰和氨氮等污染物。介绍采用气浮、A/O（厌氧/好氧）生物脱氮工艺处理焦化厂酚氰污水的流程,各阶段的设计、运行参数。设计处理能力为65 m3/h。目前系统运行稳定,出水各项指标达到国家GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中二级排放标准。     

The Impact of Dynamic Environmental Flow Releases on Hydropower Production in the Zambezi River Basin

Incorporation of environmental flow releases from reservoirs has proven to be challenging due to fear of losses to existing water uses. Moreover environmental flow requirements (EFR) have not often been operationalized. This study compares the possibility of implementing dynamic EFR based on natural flows lagged against an upstream unregulated gauging point with static EFR. It simulates different scenarios with a high flow release in the wet season and analyses its impacts on hydropower production. This method accounts fully for the natural variability of environmental flows, implying less pressure on existing water uses during relatively dry years. Joint operation of two cascading dams vs. individual operation for EFR was also explored. These approaches were tested for the Zambezi River basin in Southern Africa using a water resources model, WAFLEX. Historic data on reservoir water levels, releases and power generation of the hydropower schemes were synthesized. Combining these yielded a validated series of monthly flow data for a 28 year period (1982‐2010). The results show that Kariba and Cahora Bassa reservoirs face a reduction in power produced when they would annually release an environmental flow. However, the dynamic EFR method entails smaller hydropower losses. Joint environmental flow operations will reduce overall basin power production more than if Cahora Bassa alone would release an environmental flow. However, such joint operation would be more beneficial to the ecosystem.     

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Low Streamflow and Precipitation Changes in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Spatial and temporal patterns in low streamflows were investigated for 183 streamgages located in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed for the period 1939–2013. Metrics that represent different aspects of the frequency and magnitude of low streamflows were examined for trends: (1) the annual time series of seven‐day average minimum streamflow, (2) the scaled average deficit at or below the 2% mean daily streamflow value relative to a base period between 1939 and 1970, and (3) the annual number of days below the 2% threshold. Trends in these statistics showed spatial cohesion, with increasing low streamflow volume at streamgages located in the northern uplands of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed and decreasing low streamflow volume at streamgages in the southern part of the watershed. For a small subset of streamgages (12%), conflicting trend patterns were observed between the seven‐day average minimum streamflow and the below‐threshold time series and these appear to be related to upstream diversions or the influence of reservoir‐influenced streamflows in their contributing watersheds. Using multivariate classification techniques, mean annual precipitation and fraction of precipitation falling as snow appear to be broad controls of increasing and decreasing low‐flow trends. Further investigation of seasonal precipitation patterns shows summer rainfall patterns, driven by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, as the main driver of low streamflows in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed.     

滨海沙地木麻黄林生态系统的凋落物及其热值研究

采用定位研究的方法，在福建惠安赤湖防护林场定期收集木麻黄林分的凋落物，开展凋落物的归还量和热值的研究．结果表明，木麻黄林凋落物年归还量为14．17thm^-2 a^-1，小枝占总归还量的72．19％，其他各组分占27．81％．凋落物灰分含量：小枝4．39％～5．65％，枝条3．52％～5．65％，球果2．63％～4．23％；凋落物干重热值为：小枝20．51～21．68kJ／g，枝条19．63～20．21kJ／g，球果18．27～20．63kJ／g；凋落物去灰分热值为：小枝21．48～22．69kJ／g，枝条21．48～22．69kJ／g，球果18．91～21．49kJ／g．图1表8参26     

秸秆不同还田方式对土壤中溶解性有机碳的影响

土壤溶解性有机质及其可利用性与土壤质量密切相关。通过研究秸秆不同还田方式(粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田)对农田土壤溶解性有机碳的影响,探讨了土壤溶解性有机碳对土壤质量的贡献。水溶性有机碳(WSOC)和热水溶性有机碳(HWSOC)通过冷水和热水提取获得。结果表明:秸秆还田能够增加土壤有机质的含量,影响土壤中水溶性有机碳和热水溶性有机碳的含量。在粉碎还田、覆盖还田、高茬还田处理中,粉碎还田的农田土壤中WSOC和HWSOC的含量比覆盖还田、高茬还田的高,粉碎还田的农田土壤中的WSOC和HWSOC占土壤有机碳的百分比也最高。另外,WSOC和HWSOC与土壤呼吸有很好的相关性(相关系数分别为0.75,0.85)。     

一体化氧化沟固液分离和回流机理探讨

论述了一体化氧化沟中固液分离和污泥回流的基本原理，提出了固液分离器的表面负荷ＳＯＲ与污泥层厚度、回流污泥浓度等有关，计算模型为ＳＯＲ＝１１＋Ｒ·ＨｗＴ·ＣｕＣ０．固液分离器与二沉池的功效显著不同，所需面积远低于二沉池，在固液分离器内不发生污泥压缩、回流及时，不易受污泥沉降性能影响，是值得推荐的一体化氧化沟固液分离方式．     

混合液回流比对改良型氧化沟工艺反硝化除磷的影响

以生活污水培养驯化污泥的小试规模氧化沟工艺为研究对象,进行了混合液回流比为100%、200%和300%时对反硝化除磷的影响研究。结果表明:在试验条件下,混合液回流比对TP去除效果影响不大,但去除途径不同,当混合液回流比为200%和300%时,TP主要是在缺氧区通过反硝化除磷去除的,而混合液回流比为100%时,TP主要是在好氧区去除的;随着混合液回流比增加,NH+4-N和TN去除率也有所增加。在混合液回流比为200%时,系统脱氮除磷效果最好,出水TP和TN去除率分别达到93.9%和82.6%,且NO-3-N可以在缺氧区作为电子受体提供给反硝化除磷。从控制运行能耗和反硝化除磷的角度综合考虑,混合液回流比控制在200%是较适宜的。