泥石流危险度测试模型与多传感器监测系统

为较准确地预测泥石流的发生,达到防灾减灾的目的,建立一种将多种传感器感知的动态监测信息与地质环境信息相结合的泥石流危险度预测模型。根据泥石流的形成条件和演化机理,量化研究发生泥石流的临界降雨强度、临界倾斜角和临界泥砂堆积层高度。基于该模型,设计并制作由雨量、倾斜、物位3种传感器组成的多传感器监控系统。分析和试验结果表明:该模型和监控系统具有预测泥石流危险度的功能,摄取的信息较全面,准确性更高,时效性更强,置信度较高。     

全球化变革下的中国对外自然资源流动及其关键研究问题

应对全球化变革及其不确定性,认识中国对外自然资源流动的特征与问题,是保障国家资源安全的基础,对实现高质量、可持续发展有重要意义。对应国际劳动分工从产业间贸易、产业内贸易到全球价值链的不同阶段,理解中国对外自然资源流动有不同的理论视角。现有研究主要关注自然资源以原始形态和制成品中的隐含形态在国家之间的流动,讨论了中国对外自然资源流动在供给与需求、利用强度与效率、资源禀赋与流向,以及全局与局部影响之间的矛盾。未来研究仍面临理论和现实的挑战。在理论方面,适应全球价值链分工发展,引入全球生产网络理论探讨企业间互动关系如何塑造自然资源流动路径,能更好地适应中国从“引进来”向“走出去”的转变,以及当下自然资源综合治理的研究需求。在现实方面,应对日益增强的不确定性,亟需深化对自然资源流动网络韧性,以及“双循环”互促关系的认识。     

Two-phase flow insights into open-channel flows with suspended particles of different densities

The effect of particle density on the turbulent open-channel flow carrying dilute particle suspensions is investigated using two specific gravities and three concentrations of solid particles. The particles, identical in size and similar in shape, were natural sand and a neutrally buoyant plastic. The particles were fully suspended, and formed no particle streaks on the channel’s bed. Accordingly, the changes in the flow are attributed to the interactions between suspended particles and flow turbulence structures. Measurements were obtained by means of image velocimetry enabling simultaneous, but distinct, measurement of liquid and particle velocities. The experimental results show that, irrespective of particle specific gravity, particle suspension influences bulk velocity of flow and the Kármán coefficient, while friction velocity essentially remains constant. The results also show that particles in suspension modify local water turbulence over the flow depth, but in ways not accurately predicted using the customary parameters for characterizing turbulence modification.     

Importance of jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas (Orbigny, 1835) in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California

The Humboldt squid is an important predator in the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California and the commercial catch of this species has increased over the past decade, probable due to a decrease of several top predators (sharks, large pelagic fish and the marine mammals) and the optimal feeding conditions in this area. Its high abundance and important position in the pelagic food web was quantified through two trophic models of the pelagic ecosystem of the central Gulf of California. Models represented conditions in 1980 and 2002, to document the decadal changes in ecosystem structure and function. The models were composed of 18 functional groups, including marine mammals, birds, fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and primary producers. Model results show direct negative effects on principal prey groups such as myctophids and pelagic red crab and positive effects on sharks, marine mammals and specifically sperm whales. It thus appears that the jumbo squid has an important role in the ecosystem and plays a central part in the overall energy flow as main food item for most top predators, and due to its predation of organisms on lower tropic levels.     

A rate of return analysis for public forestry in Ulster

In this paper a rate of return analysis is carried out on public forestry in Northern Ireland. Analysis is based on the results obtained in two very different locations: a 100-hectare acquisition in the western part of the province where the quality of land is generally poor and a 10-hectare plantation in the east where soil and other conditions are reasonably good. The species in question is Sitka spruce, an evergreen variety which is planted for commercial purposes throughout the UK. Rate of return figures obtained here indicate that even with narrow commercial considerations, forestry in Northern Ireland is a sound venture and should expand rapidly to moderate the timber deficiency which exists in the province as well as in the UK and the EEC.     

河北省曲周县盐渍土区土壤养分含量的动态变化

对华北盐渍土区河北省曲周县 79个土壤样点 1 980年和 1 999年土壤养分含量进行了分析 ,结果表明 :1 999年与 1 980年相比 ,土壤有机质含量增加了 41 % ,土壤全氮和速效磷含量分别增加了 1 0 2 %和 351 % ,而土壤速效钾含量则下降了 38% ;土壤有机质含量增加的原因是秸秆还田量增加 ,土壤中全氮、速效磷含量增加的直接原因是土壤中氮肥、磷肥投入量增加 ,而土壤速效钾下降的原因则是钾肥的施入量不足。对不同质地土壤养分含量变化分析表明 ,质地可控制养分的空间分配 ,但人为干预促进了土壤养分含量向均一化方向发展。对不同质地土壤有机质含量与表层含盐量进行相关分析表明 ,表层为轻壤时 ,土壤有机质含量与表层含盐量具有明显的负相关性。     

西南典型“退耕还林”区土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒及重金属含量的影响

人类活动（土地利用）和环境变化（土地覆被变化）对土壤中硒和重金属含量分布具有重要影响.“退耕还林”生态工程的实施改变了土地利用/覆被,为研究土地利用/覆被变化对土壤中硒和重金属影响提供了理想的实验场所.在西南典型“退耕还林”区,采集了旱地、水田和林地（天然林地和次生林地）的91件表层土壤样品.测定和分析了土壤中硒、重金属、 pH和有机质等参数.结果表明：（1）研究区表土中ω（Se）(0.42×10^-6)、ω（As）(13.0×10^-6)和ω（Sb）(1.03×10^-6)均值显著高于渝西地区的土壤背景值;（2）人工次生林地表土中Se、 Cd、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb和Zn含量都显著高于旱地,表明“退耕还林”工程的实施可能会显著影响表土中硒和重金属富集;（3）土壤有机质（SOM）含量水平是控制表土中硒和重金属含量差异的重要因子.结果发现土地利用/覆被变化通过影响土壤pH和SOM间接深刻地影响土壤中硒和重金属迁移和富集.     

不同土壤耕作方式下秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响

在耕翻、少耕和免耕条件下研究了早稻秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响,结果表明,①秸秆还田显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤碱解氮含量的提高体现在水稻生育后期;秸秆还田对土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量的提高效果在免耕条件下最好,而对速效钾含量的提高效果在少耕条件下最好;②不同耕作方式下宜实行不同秸秆还田量,就提高有效磷和速效钾含量而言,耕翻和少耕条件下宜实行全部秸秆还田,而免耕条件下宜实行2/3秸秆还田;③秸秆还田使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,放线菌和好气性细菌数量增加;耕翻使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,好气性细菌数量增加;④土壤耕作有利于晚稻生育前期与后期土壤微生物活度的提高,秸秆还田量对土壤微生物活度的影响在不同耕作方式下表现不同,耕翻条件下以2/3还田量处理的土壤微生物活度最高,而少免耕条件下1/3还田量处理最高.     

Offspring sex ratio in relation to parental structural size and body condition in the long-lived wandering albatross (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Diomedea exulans</Emphasis>)

Sex ratio theory is one of the most controversial topics in evolutionary ecology. Many deviations from an equal production of males and females are reported in the literature, but few patterns appear to hold across species or populations. There is clearly a need to identify fitness effects of sex ratio variation. We studied this aspect in a population of a long-lived seabird, the wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans), using molecular sex-identification techniques. We report that parental traits affect both (1) fledgling traits in a sex-dependent way and (2) chick sex: Sons are overproduced when likely to be large at fledging and, to a lesser extent, daughters are overproduced when likely to be in good body condition at fledging. Because for the same population, a previous study reported that post-fledging survival was positively affected by size in males and by body condition in females, our results suggest that wandering albatrosses manipulate offspring sex to increase post-fledging survival.     

环保注水--油田污水治理的新途径

介绍了油田污水排放现状、特征及处理难点，定义了环保注水新概念。重点介绍了环保注水的特点、工艺流程、现场试验．探讨了油田污水治理、保护环境的新途径。