国内外环境安全研究进展述评

环境安全是环境问题日益加剧和恶化而对人类社会构成的安全层次上的威胁。本文研究的目标是从整体上描绘当前环境安全研究的大致轮廓和发展前景。本文将当前国内外环境安全研究划分为三种视角并分别进行了述评：①“传统安全视角”：从传统安全的视角研究环境问题对传统安全的影响;②“狭义环境安全视角”：从安全的视角研究日益恶化的狭义环境问题：③“广义环境安全视角”：从安全的视角研究生态、资源、灾害等领域的广义环境问题。通过比较和评论,认为“狭义环境安全视角”研究针对人类社会面临的“继续生存还是自我毁灭”的“新生存安全问题”,揭示了环境安全研究的核心科学问题,具有重要的研究意义和前景。就目前研究而言。在探讨环境安全基本理论和科学问题的同时。应注重加强在国家环境安全、生态环境安全、突发环境安全事件等领域的技术方法、案例的应用型研究。     

水生态系统服务功能价值评估研究综述

随着人类认识的不断进步,水生态系统服务功能价值的分类及评估方法逐渐形成。专家们对湿地、湖泊、水库等生态系统的服务功能价值进行了评估。但评估方法尚不成熟,服务功能分类缺乏统一的标准,以瞬时静态评估为主,不能充分体现各个生态系统的特征和空间异质性。     

深圳市环境影响评价审批的廉政风险防控对策研究

总结了我国在环评审批领域的研究现状,分析了受理、审查评估、批复等具体行政行为过程中存在的廉政风险,提出完善环境影响评价审批法律法规,规范审批程序,实现审批行为信息化、有痕化、打造“阳光审批”工程等审批廉政风险防控的对策。     

Implementing the evidence for preventing falls among community-dwelling older people: a systematic review

Problem and objective

The translation of the evidence-base for preventing falls among community-dwelling older people into practice has been limited. This study systematically reviewed and synthesised the effectiveness of methods to implement falls prevention programmes with this population.

Methods

Articles published between 1980 and May 2010 that evaluated the effects of an implementation strategy. No design restrictions were imposed. A narrative synthesis was undertaken.

Results

15 studies were identified. Interventions that involved the active training of healthcare professionals improved implementation. The evidence around changing the way people who fall are managed within primary care practices, and, layperson, peer or community delivered models was mixed.

Impact on industry

Translating the evidence-base into practice involves changing the attitudes and behaviours of older people, healthcare professionals and organisations. However, there is a need for further evaluation on how this can be best achieved.     

核电站电气柜地震易损性分析的一般方法概述与相关问题讨论

基于若干实际评估的经验,概述了核电站安全评估中对电气柜进行地震易损性分析的一般方法,包括获取分析的前提条件、对电气柜进行保守确定性分析以辨识其潜在失效模式、对最可能失效模式进行确定性分析以确定危险点、以及对各危险点进行不确定性失效分析以获得电气柜的地震易损度等。然后从评估经验的角度,介绍了评估分析中遇到的一些问题及其处理方法,包括对评估前提条件缺失的解决方法、对确定性和不确定性参数值的取定方法、以及对电气柜螺栓连接与焊接连接的比较。这些方法有助于评估分析人员更加容易地开展相关评估工作,并合理解决评估中可能出现的问题。     

Predicting the time needed for environmental systematic reviews and systematic maps

Systematic reviews (SRs) and systematic mapping aim to maximize transparency and comprehensiveness while minimizing subjectivity and bias. These are time-consuming and complex tasks, so SRs are considered resource intensive, but published estimates of systematic-review resource requirements are largely anecdotal. We analyzed all Collaboration for Environmental Evidence (CEE) SRs (n = 66) and maps (n = 20) published from 2012 to 2017 to estimate the average number of articles retained at each review stage. We also surveyed 33 experienced systematic reviewers to collate information on the rate at which those stages could be completed. In combination, these data showed that the average CEE SR takes an estimated 164 d (full-time equivalent) (SD 23), and the average CEE systematic map (SM) (excluding critical appraisal) takes 211 d (SD 53). While screening titles and abstracts is widely considered time-consuming, metadata extraction and critical appraisal took as long or longer to complete, especially for SMs. Given information about the planned methods and evidence base, we created a software tool that predicts time requirements of a SR or map with evidence-based defaults as a starting point. Our results shed light on the most time-consuming stages of the SR and mapping processes, will inform review planning, and can direct innovation to streamline processes. Future predictions of effort required to complete SRs and maps could be improved if authors provide more details on methods and results.     

中华鲟幼鱼生理生态行为研究进展

中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)是珍稀鲟类,属极危物种。大坝建设造成水流状态、水温、水质、底质等因素的变化以及环境污染对中华鲟生境造成破坏,受到环境胁迫导致生理生态行为的变化对其生存、生长具有重要的影响。中华鲟幼鱼保护是中华鲟种质资源保护的重要环节,本文结合文献综述了中华鲟幼鱼的洄游、摄食、游泳行为以及环境污染对中华鲟幼鱼的生理生态行为影响的研究进展,以期为后续中华鲟行为的研究和其保护提供参考。     

Relationships between exposure to polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides and the risk for developing type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of exposures to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

A systematic review was performed to evaluate the association between environmental exposures to polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides and the risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Searches of EMbase, Google Scholar, Medline, and Scopus were performed. Reports were included if they were original human studies whose design included a control group and if the sample size was larger than 10 participants per group. The articles were excluded if the type of diabetes was unknown or Type 1. Odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and modified Naranjo scores for the effects of environmental contaminants were determined for each study. Of the 35 eligible studies, six were included in the meta-analysis; these focused specifically on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Meta-analysis of these studies showed no significant increased OR for the development of T2D from exposure to TCDD. However, subgroup analysis showed significant elevated OR for the development of T2D if exposure is repeated and accompanied by exposure to other persistent pesticides (OR?=?1.48; 1.10–1.90) but a decreased odds for T2D with exposure resulting from accidental exposure (OR?=?0.46; 0.39–0.52). Our results suggest that there are significant risks of developing T2D in populations with recurring exposures to TCDD in concert with other persistent chlorinated pesticides. A mean Naranjo score of 2.0 was determined for all 35 articles; this score was 2.5 when examining only TCDD studies and 2.1 when examining studies that looked only at T2D. Each of these Naranjo scores suggests a possible association between the prevalence of T2D and exposure to PHAHs or OC pesticides.     

生态补偿理论研究现状与进展

全球生态环境问题已经引起世界各国的极大关注。生态系统及其服务的可持续性是人类社会可持续发展的决定性约束因素,人类赖以生存与发展的自然环境面临威胁,修复自然生态创伤,实施生态补偿是可持续发展的必然要求。一些生态补偿关键问题成为科学研究热点,如生态系统服务功能的价值核算、生态补偿的对象、标准、途径与方法,以及资源开发和重大工程活动的生态影响评价等。总结了国内外生态补偿相关研究成果,并进行综述,为开展生态补偿研究提供借鉴。