乡村旅游发展的起源及研究综述

乡村旅游已日益成为我国旅游产业发展中的特色和重要支柱。通过对乡村旅游的起源、研究综述、定义的比较研究，更全面地认识和理解乡村旅游的定义，并以此在乡村旅游的发展方向和研究方向上给出一个新的视角和思路来审视乡村旅游在实践过程中的问题。     

Sustainable development strategies: Tools for policy coherence

Many different approaches for national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) have been proposed since 1992, with some components common to all. A country's national strategy should be designed to help mainstream environmental concerns into policy. More broadly, it should coordinate local policy with global concerns, as well as integrate scientific knowledge into policy and development planning. The peer review mechanism for national strategies was piloted by France, and also involved representatives of countries from the North and the South as well as stakeholders. The peer review process allows countries to share their experience and information, and can assist them in identifying their own path to sustainable development. The business community can also contribute to sustainable development through provision of local and global public goods. Another input to sustainable development could come from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its Guidance Standard on Social Responsibility (ISO 26000), as a coordinating mechanism between voluntary initiatives and binding obligations (such as international conventions). ISO standards and guidelines should therefore be integrated with national sustainable development strategies and local Agenda 21 frameworks.     

城市生态地球化学研究进展

城市生态地球化学是研究城市生态系统各要素中元素或化合物的组成特征、来源、含量、形态、迁移转化规律及其对人类和其他生命体的生态(环境)效应的科学。随着城市环境问题的日益突出,城市生态地球化学成为环境保护领域新的研究热点之一,近年来,国内外在研究城市土壤及降尘中重金属和有机物的来源、时空变异性、形态分布、迁移转化及其生态环境效应等方面取得了一定进展,文章对此进行了较为系统的总结,分析了研究中存在的问题并指出了该领域今后的发展趋势和前景。     

浅析土壤渗滤技术在再生水处理中的应用

从再生水常用处理技术入手,重点介绍了土壤渗滤处理技术,并将土壤渗滤技术与其他处理技术进行比较,指出土壤渗滤技术的优势及存在的问题,对土壤渗滤技术在再生水处理中的应用进行了展望。     

水资源水质水量联合评价综述

根据国内外近30a来对水资源的评价研究,综述讨论了水资源评价的4种理论和方法,认为水质与水量联合评价并考虑生态环境需水的水资源评价才能客观地表现水资源现状,而且对湖泊水体的相应研究也应受到广泛关注。     

二十多年来中国近代灾荒史研究综述

自20世纪80年代以来,中国近代灾荒史被学者们逐渐熟悉并加以研究,二十多年来也取得了非常多的研究成果。本文将对中国近代灾荒史的研究现状作以陈述,对这些研究成果分别从整体性研究、区域性研究、扩展性研究三个方面作了学术回顾。     

利用生物监测技术监测水环境污染的研究进展

生物监测在环境监测中的应用日益广泛,是未来环境监测中的一类重要方法。本文综述了生物监测的基本原理和主要特点、生物监测的主要方法及其在环境监测中的应用,分析了现阶段生物监测存在的主要问题,并展望了生物监测在环境领域的发展方向和前景。     

A review of international practice in the design of voluntary Pollution Prevention Programs

Voluntary approaches to industry-wide pollution prevention programs have gained a global impetus. Despite this impetus relatively little research has been undertaken into identifying key features of successful programs. This research identified these features by reviewing selected programs in five countries, Australia, Canada, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Nine key features have been identified, namely: Adequate and consistent funding; Collaborative relationship with industry; Single sector program focus; Setting credible goals; Info-regulation and resources available; Threat of credible enforcement; Regular and credible monitoring; Visible participant benefits; and, Transparent provision of program results. The research complements other work and while showing a high level of similarity in the features, provided also for the inclusion of two further design features, namely ‘adequate and consistent funding’, and developing a maintaining a ‘collaborative relationship with industry’. It is suggested that the nine design features alone, while important, are insufficient and that further research is required to identify these other supporting factors.     

人工纳米材料对贝类生态毒理效应的研究进展

纳米技术已成为21世纪发展最迅猛的技术领域之一。纳米材料因其具备新异的物理、化学特性而广泛应用于各种领域,包括农业,电子工业,生物医学,制造业,医药品和化妆品等,因此纳米颗粒不可避免会释放到水环境中。贝类由于其具有分布广,处于食物链中的关键位置,滤食食性,对重金属及污染物有较强的生物累积能力,且很多贝类具有养殖和商业价值,因而纳米颗粒对贝类的生态毒性效应备受关注。本文通过对已有相关研究成果进行归纳分析,重点阐述了3方面的内容:1)人工纳米材料在水环境中的行为;2)贝类作为水生污染监测指示生物的重要意义;3)人工纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应,主要包括贝类对纳米颗粒摄取、积累和转移,并从组织细胞水平,分子和基因水平,胚胎发育和个体生长水平等阐述了纳米材料对贝类的毒性效应。     

海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展

海洋酸化是指大气增多的二氧化碳(CO2)溶解于海水而导致海水p H值降低的过程。海洋酸化将改变海水碳酸盐平衡体系,使依赖于原化学环境的多种海洋生物乃至生态系统面临巨大威胁。海洋酸化对钙质生物影响的研究最早引起大家关注,而海洋鱼类具有较完善的酸碱调节机制,大家普遍认为酸化对其影响不大。但在过去的5年中,不少实验证明海洋酸化会影响海洋鱼类仔稚鱼的感觉和行为,减弱其野外的生存能力及增加被捕食率,很可能将威胁自然种群补给量和影响全球的渔业资源量。本文从嗅觉、听觉、视觉及高级意识和相关行为角度,综述近几年海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展,介绍了鱼类神经行为生物学的研究,为全面了解和预测海洋酸化的生态、经济和社会效应提供科学依据。