MEETING PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS WITH ECOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN RIPARIAN LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: Appearances matter for managing riparian landscapes because the appearance of landscapes affects public willingness to accept plans and designs that improve ecological quality. Riparian landscape design and planning should respect and strategically incorporate characteristics that the public values and expects to see. Such design can be quite novel in its ecological effects, but it also should be sufficiently familiar in appearance to correspond with cultural values. This paper describes some influential cultural values for riparian landscapes and demonstrates how attention to such values supports public acceptance of ecologically innovative design in rural and urban watersheds.     

PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC VALUE OF RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Economic values of riparian buffers in a watershed are evaluated by the changes in the net economic return for farming with and without riparian buffers when achieving the same water quality objectives. The simulated water quality impacts of alternative farming systems using SWAT and experimental data for riparian buffers are used in a mathematical optimization model to estimate net economic return for farming subject to a water quality objective. Physical characteristics such as stream length, channel slope, average land slope, cropland percentage and several soil attributes are identified in the watershed using ARC/INFO GIS. A regression model is then used to evaluate the impacts of these physical characteristics on the estimated economic values of buffers. The study is conducted in Goodwater Creek watershed, Missouri. The results show the estimated economic value of buffers is significantly affected by some soil properties, stream length, and cropland percentage in watershed and can be used to improve the effectiveness of riparian buffers at watershed and regional levels.     

Influence of Restoration Age and Riparian Vegetation on Reach‐Scale Nutrient Retention in Restored Urban Streams

In urban watersheds, stormwater inputs largely bypass the buffering capacity of riparian zones through direct inputs of drainage pipes and lowered groundwater tables. However, vegetation near the stream can still influence instream nutrient transformations via maintenance of streambank stability, input of woody debris, modulation of organic matter sources, and temperature regulation. Stream restoration seeks to mimic many of these functions by engineering channel complexity, grading stream banks to reconnect incised channels, and replanting lost riparian vegetation. The goal of this study was to quantify these effects by measuring nitrate and phosphate uptake in five restored streams in Charlotte and Raleigh, North Carolina, with a range of restoration ages. Using nutrient spiraling methods, uptake velocity of nitrate (0.02‐3.56 mm/min) and phosphate (0.14‐19.1 mm/min) was similar to other urban restored streams and higher than unimpacted forested streams with variability influenced by restoration age and geomorphology. Using a multiple linear regression approach, reach‐scale phosphate uptake was greater in newly restored sites, which was attributed to assimilation by algal biofilms, whereas nitrate uptake was highest in older sites potentially due to greater channel stability and establishment of microbial communities. The patterns we observed highlight the influence of riparian vegetation on energy inputs (e.g., heat, organic matter) and thereby on nutrient retention.     

中国环境联合执法效能建设面临的困境与对策研究

环境联合执法是指通过相关职能部门共同协作、统一执法,以实现有效预防和处置环境污染问题的一种执法机制。它是近年来各地为了改善环境执法效果而进行的一种有益尝试和探索,在实践中取得了一些成效,但同时也存在不少问题有待进一步深入思考。环境保护的严峻性和特殊性决定了环境联合执法的必要性,随着人们对环境联合执法工作的不断尝试和探索,一些矛盾与困局也逐渐显露出来。在当前形势下,如何克服体制机制障碍、切实落实责任、完善执法手段、提升执法效能有待于进一步思考解决。     

Degradation of monofluorophenols in water irradiated with gaseous plasma

Decomposition of aqueous monofluorophenols (MFPs) was investigated by contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). During CGDE, both MFPs and the corresponding total organic carbon (TOC) in water were consumed smoothly, suggesting that carbon atoms of benzene nucleus could be eventually mineralized to inorganic carbon (IC). And all the fluorine atoms in the MFPs were equally converted to fluoride ions. Based on the primary intermediates from each starting materials, it showed that aromatic hydroxylation preferentially occurred at the para-or ortho-position to the phenolic OH group of each MFPs. The disappearance of both MFPs and TOC followed the first-order rate law. The apparent rate constants for the decay of MFPs were independent from the pK_a values of MFPs.     

改造滤岸对城市降雨径流中氮磷去除的中试研究

选择煤渣、锯末、沸石、麦饭石、土壤和马尼拉草构建了城市河岸带改造滤岸中试模型,并对其去除城市降雨径流中氮磷污染物能力进行了研究.结果表明,改造滤岸对表面径流和下渗径流中NH4+-N和TP具有良好的净化效果和较强的去除能力;NH4+-N平均去除率分别为66.5％和83.7％,TP平均去除率分别为42.6％和96.2％,出水水质分别可达国家地表水Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水标准,模型稳定后对表层径流和下渗径流中TN的去除率可达20％左右;模型对NH4+-N、TN和TP的处理负荷分别为634.1～1114.5 mg-m-2·h-1、102.2 ～594.2mg· m-2·h-1和20.6～ 209.0 mg·m-2· h-1,表面径流大于下渗径流.模型内碳源(锯末)以及其他介质的添加虽然能够提高氮的转化能力,但也会影响模型对TN的去除率;下凹断面和末端断面对氮磷的去除率和去除负荷间存在一定的差异,但随着模型的稳定其差异逐渐降低.模型对氮磷的处理负荷与入水氮磷浓度呈显著正相关,说明模型具有一定的抗冲击能力.     

南四湖内源氮磷释放的对比研究

采用柱状沉积物采样器和Peeper间隙水采集器分别于2011年8月获取南四湖不同湖区原位柱状沉积物和间隙水,通过原柱样静态释放实验及间隙水分子扩散模型对其氮磷释放规律进行了研究.结果表明,南四湖不同湖区夏季氮磷界面交换速率差异显著,静态释放实验沉积物NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.1～10.3 mg·m-2· d-1和0.3～2.7mg·m-2· d-1,总体呈北高南低的趋势,南阳湖明显大于其他各湖区,这与其距离济宁市区较近,沉积物受污染较重有关.Peeper法与离心法分别获取不同湖区间隙水,利用分子扩散模型计算出NH4+-N和PO43--P的释放速率分别为3.69～4.51 mg·m--2·d-1、0.24 ～0.66 mg·m-2·d-1和2.54～4.16 mg·m-2·d-1、0.04～0.51 mg·m-2·d-1,同一采样点,Peeper法计算出释放速率比传统离心法高出约20％.通过静态释放实验获得的NH4+-N和PO43--P释放速率(R)在空间分布上与间隙水分子扩散模型计算出的结果相一致,但前者明显大于后者,将其进行比较,氮和磷的R/F值分别为0.84 ～2.64和2.03 ～13.79,表明原柱样静态模拟实验进行内源释放速率估算时,可能比分子扩散模型法计算的结果更接近于实际情况.     

丹江口库区库滨带植被土壤细菌群落多样性及PICRUSt功能预测分析

微生物是土壤元素生物地球化学循环的主要驱动力,目前库滨带植物截留和消减污染物质过程中细菌群落及其功能研究尚未清楚.本研究选取适宜丹江口库区库滨带生长的4种典型植物(草本植物香根草、芦苇、乔木植物杜梨和灌木植物假奓包叶),采用16S r DNA Miseq高通量测序技术研究根际细菌群落组成,发现其主要由变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门等31个门、343个属的细菌组成,表现出群落组成的丰富性.细菌群落分析表明香根草和芦苇细菌群落结构较为相似,但和杜梨细菌群落结构差异最大.PICRUSt功能预测分析表明,库滨带植物根际细菌主要涉及次生产物代谢的生物合成、转录、多糖生物合成和代谢、细胞生长和死亡等38个子功能,表现出功能上的丰富性.库滨带植物根际细菌代谢能力整体趋势为假奓包叶芦苇香根草杜梨.本研究初步探讨了丹江口库区库滨带不同植物根际细菌群落和功能,为丹江口水库库滨带植被构建及其水环境保护提供了参考依据.     

云南省丽江市1960 — 2017年极端气温变化特征

云南丽江市是位于南方且具有温带气候特点的地区,研究该区近58年极端气温变化对查明极端气温变化特点、规律和趋势具有重要科学意义,对极端气温引起的气象灾害的预防及减少气象灾害造成的损失有实际意义。利用丽江市气象站1960—2017年的日最高、最低气温和平均气温等气象数据,采用线性趋势分析法、累积距平值分析法、主成分分析法、Mann-Kendall突变检验法、Morlet复数小波变换系数及小波方差法,对选用的8个极端气温指数进行了研究。结果表明：丽江市的极端最高气温、极端最低气温、夏季日数、暖昼日数、暖夜日数等5个指数呈现上升趋势,冷昼日数、冷夜日数、霜冻日数等3个指数呈现下降趋势。主成分分析结果表明：丽江市的夏季日数、暖昼日数和暖夜日数的增加对气温升高起到了主要作用。突变分析表明：丽江各指数的突变年主要出现在21世纪初和1983年前后。Morlet小波分析表明：丽江市极端气温指数的主周期普遍为18年,个别指数有12年、30年的周期。初步认为,全球气温升高是导致研究区极端气温变化的主要原因,预测丽江市未来2—3年的气温仍会呈现上升趋势,且极端高温事件的发生频率呈现上升趋势。     

煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律的研究

针对煤层干式钻进过程中粉尘污染严重的问题,分别对新庄孜矿c13煤层及10煤层干式钻进粉尘的分散度和煤的硬度进行测定,分析对比2煤层钻进时粉尘在3 m/s风速下的浓度分布情况;并针对C13煤层,在1.5 m/s,2.3 m/s和3 m/s的风速下测定粉尘浓度分布情况.根据粉尘浓度的实测数据,分析煤层干式钻进粉尘扩散规律....