SURFACE WATER WITHDRAWAL ALLOCATION AND TRADING SYSTEMS FOR TRADITIONALLY RIPARLAN AREAS1

ABSTRACT: There is a growing need for water regulations in states traditionally managed by the riparian doctrine. Several states have passed water laws to control withdrawals from streams. Few, if any, however, have set up consistent and defensible methods for allocating water to users. This paper explores several methods for such allocations, examining each in detail and offering numerical examples that compare each on the basis of economic efficiency and effectiveness for maintaining critical stream‐flow standards. This work is part of a study to assess the vulnerability of Midwestern streams to climate change and, especially, surface supplied irrigation spawned by such climate change. The results suggest that it is possible to implement regulations that at once (1) are consistent with the riparian doctrine; (2) control the hydrological and ecological impacts of off stream withdrawals effectively; and (3) preserve the primary economic functions of those withdrawals, including minimizing economic risk. The results further suggest that trading of water permits improves the latter two objectives, but only if both the regulatory system and permit are well‐designed. On the other hand, in the absence of regulations, or under poorly designed regulations, streamflows, and therefore aquatic ecosystems, could be quite vulnerable.     

《工伤保险条例》立法偏向的探讨

在介绍和分析《工伤保险条例》现有评论意见的基础上,从不同的视角分析《工伤保险条例》对《企业职工工伤保险试行办法》的关键修订点,笔者认为,尽管《工伤保险条例》对以往的工伤保险制度作出了一些重要的修正,但透过几处关键的改点,可以认为她是一部在一定程度上弱化了工伤劳动者权益保护的法规。     

浅析中国清洁生产及其相关法律法规

清洁生产是中国实现可持续发展的最佳战略,自《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》实施以来,中国清洁生产取得积极进展。目前,修订后的清洁生产促进法发布,意义深远。通过分析中国清洁生产的发展历程及不同时期颁布的有关政策法规,提出在新形势下完善中国清洁生产相关法律法规的几点建议。     

化学提取法表征污染土壤中PAHs老化规律和蚯蚓富集特征

以添加3种典型多环芳烃(菲、芘、苯并[a]芘)的模拟污染土壤(黄壤和红壤)为对象,研究了PAHs的4种化学提取量即:ASE耗竭性提取总量、Tenax-TA树脂提取量、羟丙基-β-环糊精(HPCD)提取量和正丁醇提取量随老化时间的变化规律.结果表明,在0~60 d老化时间范围内,PAHs耗竭性提取总量在前30 d随时间的延长而降低,后30 d降低趋势不明显,含量基本稳定;PAHs的Tenax、HPCD、正丁醇提取量在0~60 d老化时间范围内,随老化时间的延长而持续降低.实验进一步研究了PAHs的蚯蚓蓄积量(赤子爱胜蚓Eisenia fetida)与4种化学法提取量的相关关系.结果显示,ASE耗竭性提取总量高估了土壤中PAHs的存在风险,并且与蚯蚓富集量没有显著的相关性(R~2为0.44~0.56),因此不能用耗竭性提取总量来评估污染土壤PAHs的生物有效性;而3种非耗竭性提取量与蚯蚓富集量呈现出较好的线性关系,其中HPCD提取法(R~2为0.94~0.99)较Tenax提取(R~2为0.62~0.87)和正丁醇提取(R~2为0.69~0.94)更优.表明可以将HPCD提取法作为预测污染土壤中PAHs生物有效性的一种较为理想的方法.     

纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩活动规律相似模拟

以大同矿区"双系"煤层群协同开采为工程背景,相似模拟实验研究了纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩位移、裂隙及应力演化分布规律。结果表明:侏罗系近距离煤层群采用刀柱式与走向长壁式开采交错布置方式,形成不同的组合开采模式,表现出不同的覆岩破断特征,应力集中现象突出;石炭系特厚煤层开采致使覆岩大面积垮落,与上部侏罗系煤层群形成了复杂的多层采空区连通状态,且受侏罗系煤柱叠加应力影响,工作面来压频繁、覆岩活动剧烈。纵深大区域煤层群覆岩应力应变形态作为耦合时变系统,随煤层开采经历了"平衡—失稳—平衡"循环变化过程。     

A Geospatial Methodology to Identify Locations of Concentrated Runoff from Agricultural Fields

A geospatial methodology has been developed that utilizes high resolution lidar‐derived DEMs to help track runoff from agricultural fields and identify areas of potential concentrated flow through vegetated riparian areas in the Coastal Plain of Virginia. Points of concentrated flow are identified across 74 agricultural fields within the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. On average, 70% of the surface area of the agricultural fields analyzed drains through less than 20 m of the field margin, and on average 81% of the field surface area drains through 1% or less of the field margin. Within the riparian buffer, locations that were predicted by the geospatial model to have high levels of concentrated flow were found to exhibit evidence of channelization. Results indicate that flow concentration and channelized flow through vegetated riparian areas may be common along the margin of agricultural fields, resulting in vegetated riparian areas that are less effective at sediment trapping than assumed. Additional results suggest that the regulations governing the location and width of vegetated riparian may not be sufficient to achieve goals for reducing sediment and nutrient runoff from nonpoint agricultural sources. Combined with the increasing availability of lidar‐derived DEMs, the geospatial model presented has the potential to advance management practices aimed at reducing nonpoint source pollution leaving agricultural fields.     

Conditional Water Rights in the Western United States: Introducing Uncertainty to Prior Appropriation?

In the prior‐appropriation water rights regimes that prevail in the arid western United States, claims to annually variable surface water flows are fulfilled based on the order of their establishment. The two‐step process used to establish an appropriative water right in all 17 conterminous western states creates a temporary phase, or conditional water right, which has a priority date but no actual water use. We provide a review of the legal basis for these conditional water rights and demonstrate the potential uncertainty they introduce to current water users. We then present a complete census of conditional water rights in Colorado, including their amounts, ages, and uses. At the end of 2012 there were a large number of conditional water rights in Colorado (some over 90 years old) equal to 61% of the perfected water rights. Many of the controversial conditional water rights in Colorado have been associated with unconventional oil production in the northwestern portion of the state; however, conditional water rights are ubiquitous across the state and across many use types. In several basins, their existence can introduce uncertainty to some of the most senior water rights holders. Nevertheless, in most of the state, the effects of conditional water rights are restricted to a relatively junior class of water users. This work quantifies for the first time the result, in one state, of a peculiar aspect of water law common across all western prior‐appropriation states.     

Guidelines for Riparian Vegetative Shade Restoration Based Upon a Theoretical Shaded‐Stream Model1

Abstract: Guidelines for riparian vegetative shade restoration were developed using a theoretical model of total daily radiation received by a shaded stream. The model assumed stream shading by nontransmitting, vertical or overhanging, solid vegetation planes in infinitely long reaches. Radiation components considered in the model were direct beam shortwave on the stream centerline, diffuse atmospheric shortwave, shortwave reflected by vegetation, atmospheric longwave, and longwave emitted by vegetation. Potential or extraterrestrial shortwave irradiation theory was used to compute beam shortwave radiation received at the stream centerline, and view factor theory was used to compute diffuse radiation exchange among stream, vegetation, and atmospheric planes. Model shade effects under clear skies were dominated by reductions in receipt of direct beam shortwave radiation. Model shade effects with cloudy skies were dominated by the “view factor effect” or the decreases in diffuse shortwave and longwave radiation from the atmosphere balanced against increases in longwave radiation from vegetation. Model shade effects on shortwave radiation reflected by vegetation were found to be negligible. The model was used to determine the vegetation height (H) to stream width (W) ratios needed to achieve 50, 75, and 90 % shade restoration for mid‐latitude conditions on clear and cloudy days. Ratios of vegetation height to stream width, for dense nontransmitting vegetation, generally ranged from 1.4 to 2.3 for 75% shade restoration at a mid‐latitude site (40°N). The model was used to show H/W needed for E‐W vs. N‐S stream azimuths, varying stream latitudes between 30° and 50°N, channels with overhanging vegetation, channels undergoing width changes, as well as the limits to shade restoration on very wide channels.     

重、特大煤矿事故的时间规律

针对1970年以来1400多起重、特大煤矿事故,应用统计分析方法,探讨了煤矿重、特大事故的时间规律以及不同事故类型与死亡人数之间的关系,发现重、特大煤矿事故与月份、每天不同时间段等有一定相关.每年11、4、3、5、6等月份重、特大事故较多,2月份事故次数最少(Asymp Sig=0.018),时间上重、特大事故高峰时段主要集中在9:00-13:00(Asymp Sig=0.000).自70年代以来单次事故死亡人数没有明显减少,不同事故类型与死亡人数有明显不同(Asymp Sig=0.000),瓦斯事故、煤尘事故、火灾、水灾、煤与瓦斯突出等单次影响较大,事故的时间规律在日期上显现不明显(Asymp Sig=0.262).预防重、特大事故应尤其注意相应的时间段和相应的事故类型.     

对我国基层环境执法后督察机制建设的思考

介绍了我国基层环保部门执法后督察取得的成效、存在问题，并提出对策建议。