Impacts of Climatic Change On Peatland Hydrochemistry; A Laboratory-Based Experiment

A laboratory simulation of a reduction in water table height that could be anticipated from current climate change models, resulted in a change in the efficiency with which a valley-bottom wetland acted as a sink/source of nutrients. Effects were confined to the upper 10 cm of the profile, but since this depth has the greatest hydraulic conductivity, it was noted that the effects of hydrochemical changes therein would be readily transferred to receiving waterbodies. Marked changes in leachate chemistry were observed, including increases in nitrate and sulphate concentrations, while concentrations of phenolics, dissolved organic carbon, potassium, iron and ammonium decreased. These changes have implications for the quality and productivity of waters draining wetlands.     

试论环境行政执法

运用行政法学理论,结合环境管理的特点,对环境行政执法的概念、主体、内容等进行了探讨,并提出了较为全面、系统的执法程序。     

德国危险废物管理若干法律制度简述

德国通过清除计划，申报登记，清除机构、许可、运输、货单、鉴定、登记、交换、政府财政援助等法律制度对危险废物实行集中管理，保证对危险废物的流向进行有效跟踪，实现从产生到处置全过程监控。     

Riparian Ecosystem Management Model: Sensitivity to Soil,Vegetation, and Weather Input Parameters1

Abstract: The Riparian Ecosystem Management Model (REMM) was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture‐Agriculture Research Service (USDA‐ARS) and its cooperators to design and evaluate the efficiency of riparian buffer ecosystems for nonpoint source pollution reduction. REMM requires numerous inputs to simulate water movement, sediment transport, and nutrient cycling in the buffer system. In order to identify critical model inputs and their uncertainties, a univariate sensitivity analysis was conducted for nine REMM output variables. The magnitude of each input parameter was changed from ?50% to +50% from the baseline data in 12 intervals or, in some cases, the complete range of an input was tested. Baseline model inputs for the sensitivity analysis were taken from Gibbs Farm, Georgia, where REMM was tested using a 5‐year field dataset. Results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that REMM responses were most sensitive to weather inputs, with minimum daily temperature having the greatest impact on the nitrogen‐related outputs. For example, the 100% change (?50% to +50%) in minimum daily temperature input values yielded a 164.4% change in total nitrogen (N), a 109.3% change in total nitrate (NO₃), and a 127.1% change in denitrification. REMM was most sensitive to precipitation with regard to total flow leaving the riparian vegetative buffer zone (199.8%) and sediment yield (138.2%). Deep seepage (12.2%), volumetric water content (24.8%), and pore size index (6.5%) in the buffer soil profile were the most influential inputs for the output water movement. Sediment yield was most sensitive to Manning’s coefficient (46.6%), bare soil percent (40.7%), and soil permeability (6.1%). For vegetation, specific leaf area, growing degree day coefficients, and maximum root depth influenced the nitrogen related outputs. Overall results suggest that because of the high sensitivity to weather parameters, on‐site weather data is needed for model calibration and validation. The model’s relatively low sensitivity to vegetation parameters also appears to support the use of regional vegetation datasets that would simplify model implementation without compromising results.     

昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区现状

昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区的建立给当地及相邻地区带来多种效益，其中有保护生物多样性、维护海岸稳定、完善防护林等作用的生态效益；促进当地经济发展的社会效益及以生态旅游和水产养殖为主的经济效益。与此同时，也带来一些问题，如海洋执法问题。对此，保护区要建立海监机构,并与科学管理处合作，加强执法以保护生态环境。     

21世纪法学教学方程式

21世纪是知识经济时代、循环经济时代、经济全球化时代和法律全球化时代.要打造21世纪合格的法律人,法学院应打破传统的教学模式,重组教育资源,重构新的教学方程式,重排学科体系矩阵图,创建全新的教师-教的模式、学生-学的模式,以应对西方教育的入侵.     

论可持续发展战略与我国的环境立法

可持续发展战略自从被提出以来立即成为了各个学科的焦点,环境法学也不例外,它集中地反映了环境法学的伦理价值取向.当前我国环境立法正进入以填补立法空白和法律制度的完善、创新为基本目标的新阶段.在新的历史时期应以可持续发展战略的思想为指导,完善我国环境立法.     

RIPARIAN MICROCLIMATE AND STREAM TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TO FOREST HARVESTING: A REVIEW1

Forest harvesting can increase solar radiation in the riparian zone as well as wind speed and exposure to air advected from clearings, typically causing increases in summertime air, soil, and stream temperatures and decreases in relative humidity. Stream temperature increases following forest harvesting are primarily controlled by changes in insolation but also depend on stream hydrology and channel morphology. Stream temperatures recovered to pre‐harvest levels within 10 years in many studies but took longer in others. Leaving riparian buffers can decrease the magnitude of stream temperature increases and changes to riparian microclimate, but substantial warming has been observed for streams within both unthinned and partial retention buffers. A range of studies has demonstrated that streams may or may not cool after flowing from clearings into shaded environments, and further research is required in relation to the factors controlling downstream cooling. Further research is also required on riparian microclimate and its responses to harvesting, the influences of surface/subsurface water exchange on stream and bed temperature regimes, biological implications of temperature changes in headwater streams (both on site and downstream), and methods for quantifying shade and its influence on radiation inputs to streams and riparian zones.     

SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN SMALL FOREST STREAMS OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST1

This paper reviews suspended sediment sources and transport in small forest streams in the Pacific Northwest region of North America, particularly in relation to riparian management. Mass movements, reading and yarding practices, and burning can increase the supply of suspended sediment. Sediment yields recovered to pre‐harvest levels within one to six years in several paired catchment studies. However, delayed mass movements related to roads and harvesting may produce elevated suspended sediment yield one or more decades after logging. There is mixed evidence for the role of streamside tree throw in riparian buffers in supplying sediment to streams. Harvesting within the riparian zone may not increase suspended sediment yield if near stream soils are not disturbed. Key knowledge gaps relate to the relative roles of increased transport capacity versus sediment supply, the dynamics of fine sediment penetration into bed sediments, and the effects of forest harvesting on suspended sediment at different scales. Future research should involve nested catchments to examine suspended sediment response to forest practices at multiple spatial scales, in combination with process‐based field studies.     

BUILDING THE AGENDA FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: This paper pursues more specifically the recommendations of a recent National Research Council report recommending greater attention to research on institutions in the field of water resource management. The important challenge for the future in institutional research lies in going beyond the observation that institutions are important and in explaining instead how institutions actually affect management options and outcomes. It is possible to illuminate the relationships between institutional features and water management through comparative institutional research. This paper offers recommendations for studying water institutions in a comparative context, including methodological recommendations concerning approaches to comparative institutional research, and topics for comparative institutional research that appear especially fruitful at this time. The example of conjunctive management is used to illustrate the importance of institutional factors in water management, drawing to some extent on the authors’ recent experience with a comparative study of conjunctive management institutions.