对环境侵权救济的研究

环境侵权问题日益严峻,使得环境侵权救济问题受到环境法学与民法学的共同关注与重视.民法资源理念的引入、无过错责任的确立以及侵权救济制度的不断完善和发展,为更好的解决环境侵权问题提供了理论基础.但是,环境法与民法本质价值上的冲突,导致环境侵权调整的对象与救济方式上存在差异.为克服民法在面对环境问题的各种局限,应加强民法与环境法之间的沟通,探索构建环境侵权二元化救济制度和环境侵权损害多元填补机制,最大化保障个人利益与环境公益的双重救济.     

农业面源污染滨岸缓冲带控制技术BMPs体系研究

在综合分析国内外农业面源污染有关控制技术及其BMPs体系的基础上,结合上海市地方特点及区域农业面源污染特征,建立了农业面源污染滨岸缓冲带控制技术BMPs体系,主要包括:缓冲带布局,细化设计,施工建设,养护与管理,以及与之配合实施的前置工程性BMPs措施,并提供了一种基于水环境功能目标的不同坡度、不同草皮缓冲带的最佳宽度...     

Agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetlands: A case study in the Yellow River wetland in China

Riparian wetland is the major transition zone of matter, energy and information transfer between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and has important functions of water purification and non-point pollution control. Using the field experiment method and an isotope tracing technique, the agricultural non-point nitrogen pollution control function of dierent vegetation types in riparian wetland was studied in the Kouma Section of the Yellow River. The results showed that the retention of agricultural non-point ...     

Reinvestigation of the Henry’s law constant for hydrogen peroxide with temperature and acidity variation

Hydrogen peroxide is not only an important oxidant in itself;it also serves as both sink and temporary reservoir for other important oxidants including HOx(OH and HO2) radicals and O3 in the atmosphere.Its partitioning between gas and aqueous phases in the atmosphere,usually described by its Henry's law constant(KH),significantly influences its role in atmospheric processes.Large discrepancies between the KH values reported in previous work,however,have created uncertainty for atmospheric modelers.Based on our newly developed online instrumentation,we have re-determined the temperature and acidity dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide at an air pressure of(0.960 ± 0.013) atm(1 atm = 1.01325 × 105 Pa).The results indicated that the temperature dependence of KH for hydrogen peroxide fits to the Van't Hoff equation form,expressed as lnKH = a/T-b,and a =-ΔH/R,where KH is in M/atm(M is mol/L),T is in degrees Kelvin,R is the ideal gas constant,and ΔH is the standard heat of solution.For acidity dependence,results demonstrated that the KH value of hydrogen peroxide appeared to have no obvious dependence on decreasing pH level(from pH 7 to pH 1).Combining the dependence of both temperature and acidity,the obtained a and b were 7024 ± 138 and 11.97 ± 0.48,respectively,ΔH was(58.40 ± 1.15) kJ/(K·mol),and the uncertainties represent σ.Our determined KH values for hydrogen peroxide will therefore be of great use in atmospheric models.     

大冶湖滨岸带重金属水-土迁移特征与风险评价

于2013年3月,采集大冶湖枯水期滨岸带水和表层土壤样品(上层0~10 cm、下层10~20 cm)各20个,并用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定其重金属(Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn)的含量.结果表明,沿岸水中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均值分别为7.14、25.94、15.72、37.58μg·L-1,其中Cd超出了Ⅴ类地表水环境质量标准.上下层土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn的平均含量分别为108.38、53.92、3.55、139.26 mg·kg-1和93.00、51.72、2.08、171.00 mg·kg-1,其中上下层土壤中Cd均远超出土壤环境质量Ⅲ级标准.Pb在土壤和水体中的迁移性较为稳定,而Zn的迁移性受土壤性质及周边环境影响较大.西岸带重金属可迁移性较东岸带大,具有较强的潜在环境风险.Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn均主要以残渣态形式存在.重金属元素整体迁移顺序是:PbCuCdZn,其中Cu、Pb有50%以上可能发生迁移,对环境存在较大的污染风险.通过风险评价指数与潜在风险系数得出Cd为主要污染因子,且上层土壤重金属污染均高于下层土壤.     

都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区土壤重金属污染及健康风险分析

以贵州省都柳江上游沿岸喀斯特地区为研究对象,根据空间系统法布设样点,共采集62个表层土壤样品.运用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、人体健康风险评价模型、克里金插值方法和地理探测器模型,研究土壤重金属Sb、As、Cd、Pb和Cu的污染及人体健康风险空间分布特征.结果表明,研究区土壤Sb和Cd含量分别是贵州省土壤重金属背景值的6.58和1.95倍.土壤重金属总体属于轻度污染,土壤Sb和As的轻度及以上污染面积分别占总面积的24.62%和20.97%,Cd轻度污染面积分布最广,占总面积的44.55%.研究区土壤重金属人体健康风险为低风险等级,儿童健康风险大于成人,Cd和Sb是人体健康风险的主要影响元素.由地理探测器分析可知,所有因子中地层对土壤中Sb和Cd人体健康风险空间分异的解释力最大,其余因子对土壤Cd的人体健康风险空间分异解释力大小依次为：土壤类型>海拔>距河流远近>土地利用类型>坡度;而其余单一因子对土壤中Sb人体健康风险空间分异的解释力均较低,其空间分异可能受到多重因子的复合影响.地层与Cd对成人和儿童的致癌健康风险呈显著正相关（p<0.05）...     

三维地形下并行管道阴保干扰规律数值模拟研究

目的研究三维地形下的并行管道干扰规律,提出降低并行管道干扰的合理措施。方法使用BEASY软件进行数值模拟,通过设置不同的涂层破损率、管道直径、土壤电阻率、输出电流等探究各参数对三维地形下并行管道干扰的影响规律。结果并行管道间存在干扰,相较于单根管道,在辅助阳极附近的管道阴极保护电位变小,其他位置处管道保护电位略有上升。随管道并行间距增加,干扰减弱。土壤电阻率越大,阳极输出电流越大,辅助阳极距管道距离越近,管道直径越小,并行管道间干扰越剧烈。结论对于独立设置阴极保护的并行管道,推荐管道并行间距大于80m;对于联合阴极保护的并行管道,推荐管道并行间距小于7 m。     

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis, Zizania aquatica, and Acorus calamus. The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants. A. calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils, as compared with Z aquatica and P. australis. Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P. australis, Z aquatica, and A. calamus were 7.5, 9.8 and 5.4 days, respectively. Residual butachlor concentration in A. calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z aquatica and P. australis rhizosphere soils, respectively, indicating that A. calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant. In general, microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition, despite the riparian plant types. However, rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly (P < 0.05) differed between riparian plant species. Compared to Z aquatica and P. australis, A. calamus showed significantly larger microbial number, higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils. The results indicated that A. calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.     

双层岛式地铁站站厅全尺寸烟气温度传播规律研究*

为研究典型地下双层岛式结构地铁站站厅火灾状况下烟气温度变化规律,以南昌地铁3号线为例,分别运用PyroSim数值模拟软件和热烟测试,研究典型地下双层岛式结构地铁站站厅火灾发生6 min时间段内站厅烟气沉降时间、温度变化规律。结果表明:火灾发生6 min前,高温烟气层沉降高度主要在3.5 m及以上,烟气未沉降至能威胁人员的高度;站厅两端出入口数量不同,导致烟气呈现非对称扩散,出入口补风效果越好,烟气凝聚越少,温度越低;靠近送风口区域与附近区域相比,温度普遍较低。研究结果可为典型地下双层岛式结构地铁站站厅火灾温度传播规律研究提供参考。     

我国70年环境立法：回顾、反思与展望

70年的中国环境立法,总体上分为三个阶段,即起步阶段、发展阶段和进入生态文明新阶段。起步阶段是从1949年10月新中国成立到1978年底党的十一届三中全会召开之前,发展阶段是从1979年到2012年党的十八大召开之前,进入生态文明新阶段是从2012年11月党的十八大召开至今。历史表明,在毛泽东主席和周恩来总理等老一辈党和国家领导人的关心和有关部门的共同努力下,我国的环境立法在新中国成立后已经提到工作日程,并取得一定成绩。党的十八大以来我国的环境法制建设取得历史性进步。在充分肯定成就的基础上,通过反思,发现我国环境立法依然存在立法质量不高、立法体制机制不够合理、实施效果不理想等问题。为此,应当根据习近平生态文明思想和党的十九大、十九届四中全会精神,明确新时代环境立法的指导思想和原则,加快环境法律的立改废释工作,切实提高环境立法质量,补齐生态保护立法的短板,积极推进相关法律的生态化,加强配套环境法规和规章的制定,加快健全完善生态环境保护法律体系,实现环境治理体系与治理能力的现代化。