河岸带中荆三棱的生长特性及其腐烂规律研究

为了了解在河岸带生态恢复中植物的生长及其作用,在中试规模上对河岸带中的荆三棱进行了1 a研究.荆三棱在不同水深区域的生长高度与密度表明荆三棱对水深的耐受性不强,更适合于在浅水域生长.秋季收割与不收割的对比表明秋季收割有利于荆三棱第2年的生长与发芽.荆三棱生物量及其中的N、P在地上、地下的分布表明地下荆三棱的生物量比地上多大约55％,地下荆三棱生物固定的N、P总量分别大约比地上荆三棱生物固定的N、P总量多50％和126％.在河岸带通过收割荆三棱可以分别带走荆三棱所固定的全部N、P的40.5％和30.6％.地上荆三棱经过130 d的浸泡,其重量损失率有27.10%, TN、TP的损失分别为40.80%和76.80%.浸泡植物释放出的污染物基本没有积累现象.     

环境违法犯罪的法经济学分析

提出了环境违法犯罪的严重现状,对环境犯罪行为进行了法经济学分析:程序法对起诉私权主体的规定和公权主体的缺位不利于鼓励环境保护;实体法的处罚偏轻不利于抑制犯罪,不具体的罚金刑有可能成为法官寻租的工具。从司法来看,涉及公共性的环境案件,存在环境起诉的搭便车和巨大的交易成本,地方保护主义对司法独立的干扰使得本来处罚轻的立法在司法的环节进一步“缩水”,以至于使得环境违法犯罪成为一种“盈利”的产业。从犯罪经济学的角度分析了环境犯罪的“理性选择”及法律规制。最后提出建立国家环境公诉制度、放宽起诉条件、消除地方保护主义、提高环境标准和加大处罚力度等措施。     

EPC模式下ESCO市场行为特征与演变规律

既有建筑节能改造核心实施主体——ESCO市场行为直接影响既有建筑节能改造市场发展,分析了EPC模式下既有建筑节能改造ESCO市场行为的目标性、利他性、有限理性、环境适宜性等特征,揭示了EPC模式下ESCO行业规模扩张、发展趋于规范、市场细分多元化、服务业务整体化的行为演变规律,以期为既有建筑节能改造市场治理研究奠定分析...     

Supporting waste and water management with proactive legal instruments

This study addresses the means local administrators and legislators in emerging economies dispose of to implement directives passed down to them by international environmental agreements. Specific reference is made to agreements and policies dealing with fresh water supply and waste management. Although the Johannesburg Summit asked that the proportion of people without access to drinking water and basic sanitation be halved by 2015, actions need to be developed on a local scale to reach the target. They need to consider the existence of supply limits for water and the subtle difference between sanitation and waste collection. The concepts of reactive and proactive legislation are confronted. Proactive legislation, already used in the industrialized World, is proposed to introduce new patterns of behavior into emerging economy communities. The proposed legal texts have the capacity to be self-fulfilling in the quest for local compliance with international targets.     

Is legislation a barrier to the sustainable management of game species? A case study of wild deer in Britain

Wild game management for hunting in Western society has become increasingly complex as stakeholders have multiplied and as ‘sustainability’ influences the contemporary debate. This paper questions whether the current legal framework for game management, which has evolved from early European civilisations to focus on ‘hunting rights’, is relevant to regulate the contemporary environmental, social and economic dimensions of wild game and their management. Employing a narrative analysis to focus on deer, the study identifies key legislative tenets and highlights the pertinence of historical laws to contemporary conflicts. The analysis suggests that current legislation is increasingly divergent from contemporary trends and has created inertia with respect to sustainable deer management. The paper offers four options to redress this: state intervention; voluntary collaboration; financial incentives; and establishing a legal responsibility for management. It is concluded that significant innovation is required in one or more of these four areas to facilitate the contemporary sustainable management of wild deer in Britain.     

电力节能减排法规体系建设思考

简述了中国环保法规建设的发展和现状,重点分析了电力SO2排放控制的法规、行政要求;介绍了电力行业供电煤耗、烟气脱硫、脱硝、废水排放等节能减排成效。对法律间存在的不够协调,法律与法规、法规与规章之间缺乏一致性、配套性以及法律本身存在的不明确、操作性不强等问题,从改革发展、体制变化、环境性质、基础研究等方面进行了分析：重点对项目环评、规划环评、工频电磁场、火电厂脱硫、排污收费、污染物总量控制、区域限批等要求进行了初步分析,并提出了相关建议。     

汽车行人碰撞接触中行人运动学规律仿真研究

基于交通事故模拟分析PC-Crash软件及其内嵌多体系统动力学分析MADYMO模块,建立并验证了车辆多体模型和行人多体模型;对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段的行人运动学具有较大影响的因素展开广泛分析,并构建汽车行人碰撞仿真试验方案;通过选取对汽车与行人碰撞接触阶段具有较大影响的因素作为仿真试验的自变量,对不同碰撞环境下汽车与行人碰撞接触过程中的行人运动学规律(包括运动姿态和对应的碰撞车速阈值)进行深入研究;汽车行人碰撞仿真与真实事故以及碰撞试验对比具有较好的规律吻合性和一致性。研究表明,笔者采用的计算机建模仿真方法在汽车行人碰撞运动学研究中具有实用价值。     

PTR-MS measurements and analysis of models for the calculation of Henry's law constants of monosulfides and disulfides

Sulfides are known for their strong odor impact even at very low concentrations. Here, we report Henry’s law constants (HLCs) measured at the nanomolar concentration range in water for monosulfides (dimethylsulfide, ethylmethylsulfide, diethylsulfide, allylmethylsulfide) and disulfides (dimethyldisulfide, diethylsulfide, dipropylsulfide) using a dynamic stripping technique coupled to Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS). The experimental data were compared with literature values and to vapor/solubility calculations and their consistency was confirmed employing the extra-thermodynamic enthalpy-entropy compensation effect. Our experimental data are compatible with reported literature values, and they are typically lower than averaged experimental literature values by about 10%. Critical comparison with other freely available models (modeled vapor/solubility; group and bond additivity methods; Linear Solvation Energy Relationship; SPARC) was performed to validate their applicability to monosulfides and disulfides. Evaluation of theoretical models reveals a large deviation from our measured values by up to four times (in units of M atm⁻¹). Two group contribution models were adjusted in view of the new data, and HLCs for a list of sulfur compounds were calculated. Based on our findings we recommend the evaluation and adaption of theoretical models for monosulfides and disulfides to lower values of solubility and higher values of fugacity.     

滨河湿地对农业非点源氮污染控制研究进展

氮素是农业径流最重要、最普遍的水体污染物。滨河湿地因受到陆地生境和水生生境双重影响而显得非常独特,作为重要的陆地和水生环境的生态交错带,滨河湿地能够阻断和改变水运污染物,特别是农业径流中的氮排入临近的小溪和河流。植物吸收和反硝化作用是滨河湿地两种最重要的截留和缓解氮负荷的有效途径,氮素可以通过生物转化、植物吸收、微生物暂时固氮等方式去除,但是永久性的去除氮却是通过反硝化过程来完成的。为了系统认识和了解滨河湿地生态系统对农业非点源氮污染控制过程,通过大量文献分析讨论了滨河湿地对农业非点源氮的净化能力、净化机制及其影响因素,并结合我国研究现状展望了该领域的研究前景。滨河湿地对农业非点源氮污染的控制作用研究将成为滨河湿地生态系统服务功能评价、滨河湿地生态系统健康与稳定的诊断和退化滨河湿地生态系统修复的重要基础理论。     

Predicting Root Density in Streambanks1

Abstract: Roots of riparian vegetation increase streambank erosion resistance and structural stability; therefore, knowledge of root density and distribution in streambanks is useful for stream management and restoration. The objective of this study was to compare streambank root distributions for herbaceous and woody vegetation and to develop empirical models to predict root density. Root length density, root volume ratio, soil physical and chemical properties, and above‐ground vegetation densities were measured at 25 sites on six streams in southwestern Virginia. The Mann‐Whitney test was used to determine differences in root density along stream segments dominated by either woody or herbaceous vegetation. Multiple linear regression was used to develop relationships between root density and site characteristics. Study results showed that roots were evenly distributed across the bank face with the majority of roots having diameters less than 2 mm. Soil bulk density and above‐ground vegetation were key factors influencing root density. While significant relationships were developed to predict root density, the predictive capabilities of the equations was low. Because of the highly variable nature of soil and vegetation properties, it is recommended at this time that soil erodibility and root density be measured in the field for design and modeling purposes, rather than estimated based on empirical relationships.