近30 a长三角地区港口规模分布演化分析

以港口货物吞吐量和港口集装箱吞吐量为指标,运用首位度、位序-规模法则和Kernel密度估计对长三角地区港口规模分布进行研究。结果表明:(1)长三角地区港口等级规模分布由首位分布向位序-规模分布演变;港口货物运输与集装箱运输的首位分布特征演变具有内在一致性,但演变态势、具体时点等方面存在差异;港口体系结构由单核枢纽演变为双核枢纽,并有望形成三足鼎立新格局;(2)长三角地区港口规模分布逐步优化,等级结构不断趋于合理,港口体系基本满足位序-规模法则,但还没有达到理想状态;港口体系呈现分散化发展态势,集装箱技术的应用减缓了港口体系的分散化发展;(3)港口货物吞吐量与港口集装箱吞吐量的核密度曲线由多峰结构分别变为双峰结构和单峰结构,货物运输和集装箱运输均向协调态势发展。     

中美石油资源法律制度比较研究

石油和天然气是国民经济运行与发展的“血液”,但出于种种原因,我国目前尚未出台专门规范整个油气行业领域的《石油天然气法》,只有一些位阶较低、效力有限的行政性规章与政策。通过研究美国石油天然气法律的具体制度安排,结合我国油气资源的现行制度与政策,为我国油气资源法律制度的完善提出建议。     

中国当代环境法制之传统文化障碍——基于制度运行之现实反思

环境法制的发展,对中国多年来环境领域取得的成就功不可没。中国当代环境法制不仅存在体制矛盾,还受文化制约。环境法制的突出问题主要包括:立法质量不高,授权立法和部门立法色彩浓厚,监管体制发挥作用有限,环境司法救济滞后,环境外部成本难以内化以及公众参与不足。针对上述矛盾,从文化视角分析和解构,充分认知矛盾本身。     

论环境法的价值指涉

环境法的价值是环境法学科体系建设的出发点和归宿。价值是主体对评判对象的评价,评估主体的认定是价值确定的前提。环境法的价值指涉遵循生态规律,协调人与自然的关系,维系稳定的秩序,保障公平、公正的分配正义。     

Effects of Eastern Hemlock Decline on Large Wood Loads in Streams of the Appalachian Mountains

Evans, Daniel M., C. Andrew Dolloff, W. Michael Aust, and Amy M. Villamagna, 2012. Effects of Eastern Hemlock Decline on Large Wood Loads in Streams of the Appalachian Mountains. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 266‐276. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00610.x Abstract: Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a foundation species important to riparian forests of the Appalachian Mountains, is in decline due to the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) (Adelges tsugae). The effect of this insect on large wood (LW) production and recruitment to streams is largely unknown. We measured LW load, riparian forest composition, and T. canadensis health in 47 streams from Maine to Alabama and developed a conceptual model that frames the expected forest stand and instream LW response to the disturbance caused by HWA. In stands with HWA, 24.3% of the overstory T. canadensis basal area was stressed and 7.5% was dead, whereas only 3.0% was stressed and 2.0% was dead in stands without HWA. Mean T. canadensis effective LW load was 0.20 m³/100 m² in streams with adjacent stands infested by HWA, almost three times higher than in streams flowing through uninfested stands (p = 0.048). Higher frequencies of LW were found at streams with HWA present and there was a positive association between the percent of dead T. canadensis and T. canadensis LW load (ρ = 0.4468; p = <0.0001). Greater total LW loads were associated with higher stream gradients, lesser bankfull widths, and streams at lower latitudes. Our research supports the hypothesis that HWA infestation of T. canadensis in riparian forest stands has increased LW loads in streams. This episodic disturbance to the riparian forest overstory may have lasting impacts on aquatic ecosystem structure and function.     

Evaluating Flow Diversion Impacts to Groundwater‐Dependent Riparian Vegetation with Flow Alteration and Groundwater Model Analysis

An approach for assessing the potential ecologic response of groundwater‐dependent riparian vegetation to flow alteration is developed, focusing on change to groundwater. Groundwater requirements for riparian vegetation are reviewed in conjunction with flow alteration statistics. Where flow alteration coincides with groundwater‐related vegetation sensitivities, scenarios are developed for groundwater simulation. Groundwater depths and recession rates in the riparian zone are simulated for baseline and altered stream hydrographs, with changes to river stage and width represented with a transient, flow‐dependent boundary condition. Potential flow diversion from the Upper Gila River in New Mexico is examined. Statistical flow alteration analysis, applying prospective diversions to a 76‐year record of daily flow, shows that flows in the winter‐spring months and within the high‐pulse to small flood range are subject to greatest potential change. Groundwater simulation scenarios are developed for these flow conditions in representative dry, near‐average, and wet years. Differences in groundwater elevations, generally less than 0.25 m during the flow alteration period, dissipate rapidly following cessation of diversion. Relating groundwater depth, recession rates and range of fluctuations to riparian vegetation needs, we find adverse ecological response is not expected from groundwater impacts for the flow alteration examined.     

Role of Riparian Areas in Atmospheric Pesticide Deposition and Its Potential Effect on Water Quality

Riparian buffers are known to mitigate hydrologic losses of nutrients and other contaminants as they exit agricultural fields. The vegetation of riparian buffers can also trap atmospheric contaminants, and these pollutants can subsequently be delivered via rain to the riparian buffer floor. These processes, however, are poorly understood especially for pesticide residues. Therefore, we conducted a four‐year study examining stemflow and throughfall to a riparian buffer which was adjacent a cultured Zea mays field treated with atrazine and metolachlor. Stemflow is rain contacting the tree canopy traveling down smaller to larger branches and down the tree trunk, whereas throughfall is rain that may or may not contact leaves and branches and reaches the earth. Stemflow concentrations of the herbicides were larger than throughfall concentrations and accounted for 5‐15% of the atrazine and 6‐66% of the metolachlor depositional fluxes under the canopy. Larger depositional fluxes were measured when leaves were more fully emerged and temperatures and humidity were elevated. Rain collected outside the riparian buffer on the field side and on the back side revealed the trees trapped the herbicide residues. Herbicide loading to the riparian buffer stream was found to be linked to tree canopy deposition and subsequent washoff during rain events. These results indicate that in agricultural areas canopy washoff can be an important source of pesticides to surface waters.     

上海河岸带公众偏好及生态系统服务价值评估

针对上海地区河岸带的环境质量提升情况,基于条件价值法(CVM)研究上海市居民对河岸带的偏好、支付意愿及生态系统服务价值,并通过SPSS软件考察影响受访者支付意愿率的主要因素。得到以下结论:①受访者对上海地区河岸带满意度与其使用河岸带频率呈显著相关性(p=0.001),表明受访者与河岸带的亲疏关系主要取决于其利用河岸带的实际频率。②使用五点评价法对河岸带状况进行分析,亲水性指标得分2.94,水质指标得分3.51,分别为受访者对河岸带最满意与最不满意要素。③针对河岸带10项评价要素进行因子分析,可将受访者对河岸带的满意度因子归纳为河岸带的自然属性和社会属性,且后者的影响权重更大。④受访者对树草结合、人行道位于绿化间且护岸保留湿地的河岸带布局的评价结果得分1 199,为最高得分,表明受访者偏好该类河岸带布局。⑤投标金额在一系列影响支付意愿率因子中,显著性p=0.000,影响最为剧烈。⑥受访者的支付意愿为537.6元/(年.户),整个生态系统的估算价值为2.74亿元/年。     

污水厂污泥流变特性变化规律

污泥流变特性是影响其传质效果的重要因素,对污泥管道输送、搅拌、混合以及热交换等处理处置单元的设计和运行均起到重要作用。本研究利用旋转黏度计测定了污水处理厂含水率分别为90%、93%和96%时污泥的流动曲线和黏度曲线,并分析了污泥含水率、温度对污泥流变特性的影响。实验结果表明,污泥属于典型的假塑性流体,其流变特性可以用Ostwald de Vaele模型,即幂律模型τ=K(D)n来拟合。污泥黏度随含水率的减小而增加,且剪切速率越小,这种增加趋势越明显;污泥黏度随温度升高呈现降低趋势,且这种趋势在低剪切速率时表现的比较明显,在高剪切速率时变化幅度很小。     

河岸带中荆三棱的生长特性及其腐烂规律研究

为了了解在河岸带生态恢复中植物的生长及其作用,在中试规模上对河岸带中的荆三棱进行了1 a研究.荆三棱在不同水深区域的生长高度与密度表明荆三棱对水深的耐受性不强,更适合于在浅水域生长.秋季收割与不收割的对比表明秋季收割有利于荆三棱第2年的生长与发芽.荆三棱生物量及其中的N、P在地上、地下的分布表明地下荆三棱的生物量比地上多大约55％,地下荆三棱生物固定的N、P总量分别大约比地上荆三棱生物固定的N、P总量多50％和126％.在河岸带通过收割荆三棱可以分别带走荆三棱所固定的全部N、P的40.5％和30.6％.地上荆三棱经过130 d的浸泡,其重量损失率有27.10%, TN、TP的损失分别为40.80%和76.80%.浸泡植物释放出的污染物基本没有积累现象.