用政策作指导以法律为依据提高环境评价质量

本文提出了环境影响评价必须用政策作指导 ,以法律为依据 ,提高环境影响评价质量的几点意见。     

GRASS VERSUS TREES: MANAGING RIPARIAN AREAS TO BENEFIT STREAMS OF CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA1

ABSTRACT: Forestation of riparian areas has long been promoted to restore stream ecosystems degraded by agriculture in central North America. Although trees and shrubs in the riparian zone can provide many benefits to streams, grassy or herbaceous riparian vegetation can also provide benefits and may be more appropriate in some situations. Here we review some of the positive and negative implications of grassy versus wooded riparian zones and discuss potential management outcomes. Compared to wooded areas, grassy riparian areas result in stream reaches with different patterns of bank stability, erosion, channel morphology, cover for fish, terrestrial runoff, hydrology, water temperature, organic matter inputs, primary production, aquatic macroinvertebrates, and fish. Of particular relevance in agricultural regions, grassy riparian areas may be more effective in reducing bank erosion and trapping suspended sediments than wooded areas. Maintenance of grassy riparian vegetation usually requires active management (e.g., mowing, burning, herbicide treatments, and grazing), as successional processes will tend ultimately to favor woody vegetation. Riparian agricultural practices that promote a dense, healthy, grassy turf, such as certain types of intensively managed livestock grazing, have potential to restore degraded stream ecosystems.     

环境管理要坚持严字当头

本文从多方面论述了环境管理必须坚持严字当头的重要性,深刻分析了地方环境管理严不起来的种种原困,在此基础上,提出了一系列相关的建议和途径。     

河岸带加拿大一枝黄花化学计量学及入侵机理研究

通过对河岸带土壤与加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)全年各生长时期氮、磷质量分数的研究,分析河岸带土壤环境特性,以期探究加拿大一枝黄花成功入侵河岸带的机理.结果显示:研究区土壤中氮元素质量分数上层1.22mg/g,下层0.96mg/g、磷元素质量分数上层0.59mg/g,下层0.55mg/g,较全国土壤平均氮、磷质量分数均偏低,年际变化不明显.N/P平均值较低,且随季节变化逐渐减小.加拿大一枝黄花各部位氮磷质量分数为叶>茎>根.与其他草本植物相比,植株中氮质量分数稍低,磷质量分数则明显偏高.随植物生长期的变化,植株各部分氮磷质量分数均显示前期较高,中期有所下降,后期逐渐升高的趋势.加拿大一枝黄花N/P变化范围2.25~4.75,明显低于其他草本植物,主要原因在于植株有很高的磷质量分数以及土壤环境中氮素的匮乏,说明其生长受到氮素的限制.对植株茎、叶、根中氮、磷元素与N/P进行相关分析表明,茎、叶中磷质量分数与N/P具有显著负相关关系(P<0.05),而根中氮质量分数与N/P具有极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).说明了磷素主导了植物地上部分的生长,而氮素主导地下部分.研究区内土壤氮质量分数严重匮乏、磷质量分数也明显偏低,但加拿大一枝黄花植株中氮质量分数仅稍低于其他草本植物,磷质量分数却显著高于其他植物,可以认为其对氮、磷元素的吸收、积累能力远高于其他草本植物,这可能是加拿大一枝黄花得以在河岸带特殊环境中成功入侵的机理.     

南帕斯凝析油存储挥发与安全影响分析

南帕斯凝析油产自于伊朗,在炼制过程几乎不残留油渣,因而倍受炼油企业青睐。南帕斯凝析油中硫化氢及硫醇硫等有毒气体的浓度较高,在储存过程中由于储罐呼吸现象的存在,有毒气体挥发量较大。一旦有毒气体挥发量超出《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》中规定的限值,极容易引发安全事故。南帕斯凝析油的这一特性给企业安全工作带来了很大挑战。以分析南帕斯凝析油理化性质以及存储设备设施现状为基础,运用储罐大小呼吸计算公式定量计算出有毒气体的挥发量及在空气中的含量;并且以呼吸阀口为连续性点源建立气体扩散模型,根据高斯定律推算出下风向各点有毒气体浓度值,从而划分防护等级区域并制定相应的安全操作要求,为企业存储安全提供有效的防护方案。     

Spatial variations in the N2O emissions and denitrification potential of riparian buffer strips in a contaminated urban river

Spatial variations in the N₂O emissions and denitrification potential of riparian buffer strips (RBS) in a polluted river were examined. The river received large pollutant inputs from urban runoff and wastewater discharge, resulting in impaired water quality in the river and downstream reservoir. The potential for nitrogen removal by RBS was evaluated by measuring in situ N₂O emission fluxes in static closed chambers and sediment denitrification potentials with acetylene inhibition techniques. The results showed that N₂O emission fluxes decreased from the upstream (16.39 μg/(m²·h)) to downstream (0.30 μg/(m²·h)) sites and from the water body to upland sites. The trend in decreasing N₂O emission fluxes in the downstream direction was mainly associated with sediment/soil textures (clay loam→sandy soil) and sediment/soil water contents and was also related to the vegetation along the RBS and nutrients in the sediments/soils. The correlation coefficient was highest (r=0.769) between the N₂O emission flux and sediment/soil water content. Sediment/soil denitrification potentials under N-amended and ambient conditions were higher (highest 32.86 mg/(kg·h)) for the upstream sites, which were consistent with in situ N₂O flux rates.     

超深竖井掘进岩爆特征及防治措施

由于会泽矿3#超深竖井（施工深度达1 526 m）的工程地质条件,在竖井开挖到一定深度后有不同程度的岩爆现象显现,其中两次比较严重的岩爆发生的位置埋深较深,井筒深度达到1 400 m以上。为此建立了井壁地应力监测系统,对岩爆的发生进行预测。根据井壁周边不同深度布置的4个点处的应力变化曲线分析,总结了地应力分布规律,4#位置（东偏南70°）井壁受测压力最大,最大水平主应力可以达到120 MPa以上,其方位与最大主应力方向相符。结合3#竖井工程岩爆现象的分析,以及岩爆发生的特征,给出了预防岩爆所采取的工程措施,为此类工程施工制定岩爆防治措施提供了科学依据。     

Regulation of discharge of organochlorines from pulp mills in Canada

Organochlorines are a group of chemicals including dioxins and furans, at least some of which are highly toxic to humans. Organochlorines are formed as a byproduct of the chlorine bleaching process in pulp mills, as well as in other ways. Current federal and provincial environmental protection legislation in Canada is too general to adequately deal with the problem of organochlorine discharge. In Sweden and Germany strict new guidelines have been set for the discharge of organochlorines; strict guidelines are also planned for Alberta. The author recommends that new regulations, dealing specifically with organochlorine discharge, be promulgated under the new Canadian Environmental Protection Act. The new regulations should apply equally to all pulp mills. Strict enforcement, through cooperation of federal and provincial authorities, is also advised.     

STREAM CHANNEL ADJUSTMENTS FOLLOWING ELIMINATION OF CAVFLE GRAZING1

ABSTRACT: Cattle grazing practices in the western United States have contributed to widespread riparian degradation resulting in unstable channel morphologies and the loss of fish habitat. Because of prolonged disturbance, numerous riparian areas on both public and private lands have been fenced to exclude cattle in order to promote vegetation establishment and riparian improvement. We selected four gravel-bedded, steep alluvial streams in eastern Oregon with cattle exclosures greater than 14 years old for an analysis of geomorphic adjustments following the removal of cattle grazing. We compare channels inside exclosures and in adjacent grazed reaches to identify the salient stream channel properties that respond to the removal of riparian stresses and to document the magnitude of these changes. Results indicate that significant changes occur, with reductions in bankfull dimensions and increases in pool area being the most common and identifiable changes. At all four sites, bankfull widths are narrower by 10 to 20 percent, and the percentage of channel area occupied by pools is higher in the exclosure by 8 to 15 percent. The increase in pool area is primarily offset by a reduction in the percent glide area. Not all of the channel properties demonstrate adjustment, indicating that perhaps 14 years is an insufficient duration for these variables to adjust.     

以人为本以法治台--谈地震台站管理

本文以现代管理学理论为基础,主要阐述了现代台站管理思想 --一方面强调"以人为本",另一方面又肯定以"法"治台;提出了二者的有机结合是现代台站管理思想这一主题;初步探讨了当代地震台站提高监测质量的途径.