The Role of Ground Water in Generating Streamflow in Headwater Areas and in Maintaining Base Flow1

Abstract: The volume and sustainability of streamflow from headwaters to downstream reaches commonly depend on contributions from ground water. Streams that begin in extensive aquifers generally have a stable point of origin and substantial discharge in their headwaters. In contrast, streams that begin as discharge from rocks or sediments having low permeability have a point of origin that moves up and down the channel seasonally, have small incipient discharge, and commonly go dry. Nearly all streams need to have some contribution from ground water in order to provide reliable habitat for aquatic organisms. Natural processes and human activities can have a substantial effect on the flow of streams between their headwaters and downstream reaches. Streams lose water to ground water when and where their head is higher than the contiguous water table. Although very common in arid regions, loss of stream water to ground water also is relatively common in humid regions. Evaporation, as well as transpiration from riparian vegetation, causing ground‐water levels to decline also can cause loss of stream water. Human withdrawal of ground water commonly causes streamflow to decline, and in some regions has caused streams to cease flowing.     

Effects of Impervious Cover at Multiple Spatial Scales on Coastal Watershed Streams1

Abstract: The spatial scale and location of land whose development has the strongest influence on aquatic ecosystems must be known to support land use decisions that protect water resources in urbanizing watersheds. We explored impacts of urbanization on streams in the West River watershed, New Haven, Connecticut, to identify the spatial scale of watershed imperviousness that was most strongly related to water chemistry, macroinvertebrates, and physical habitat. A multiparameter water quality index was used to characterize regional urban nonpoint source pollution levels. We identified a critical level of 5% impervious cover, above which stream health declined. Conditions declined with increasing imperviousness and leveled off in a constant state of impairment at 10%. Instream variables were most correlated (0.77 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.92, p < 0.0125) to total impervious area (TIA) in the 100‐m buffer of local contributing areas (～5‐km² drainage area immediately upstream of each study site). Water and habitat quality had a relatively consistent strong relationship with TIA across each of the spatial scales of investigation, whereas macroinvertebrate metrics produced noticeably weaker relationships at the larger scales. Our findings illustrate the need for multiscale watershed management of aquatic ecosystems in small streams flowing through the spatial hierarchies that comprise watersheds with forest‐urban land use gradients.     

库滨带土壤释氮负荷模型的构建与田间尺度模拟分析

岸边带生态系统对氮元素的去除机理主要包括化学释放含氮气体过程.植物吸收过程和泥沙截留3方面.其中,土壤反硝化释氮是岸边带系统最为重要的生态功能之一.因此,建立适当的岸边带土壤释氮模型(包括土壤反硝化、硝化和氨挥发过程),对准确评估岸边带生态功能和构建合理的岸边带生态系统具有重要意义.本研究依据岸边带去氮机埋,参照已有的土壤释氮模型研究成果,构建了适用于水库库滨带土壤特性的土壤释氮速率估算模型(简称土壤释氮模型),并以官厅水库库滨带小区为研究对象,对水库库滨带土壤释氮特性进行模拟分析与验证.模型模拟结果表明,在监测期间(6～9月)土壤水分平均含量分别为16.6%、37.3%、43.9%和55.2%的情况下,土壤反硝化释氮速率分别为0、(102.1±59.3)、(169.3±87.6)和(203.2±119.6)mg·m-2·d-1(以N计);硝化速率分别为(233.3±121.4)、(177.9 ±69.3)、(187.7±75.0)和(166.7 ±121.9)mg·m-2· d-1(以N计);氨挥发速率分别为(3.00±1.13)、(2.64±1.01)、(2.76 ±1.04)和(2.51±1.89)mg·m-2·d-1(以N计);总释氮量分别为1.18、33.64、92.50和65.74g(以N计).同时,结合同步监测的实验数据,应用总量平衡法对模拟结果进行了验证.验证结果表明,实验小区土壤释氮量模拟值与实验值的决定系数(R2)为0.83,证明了该模型可有效地应用于水库库滨带区域.     

滨河湿地土壤微生物数量及多样性研究

对黄河湿地孟津段不同土地利用类型和自然湿地不同植被群落分层检测了微生物数量,并通过计算其辛普生指数分析了其微生物多样性。结果表明:受滨河湿地发育与演替的差异影响,不同土地类型和自然湿地不同植被群落土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌总数和辛普森多样性指数差异较大;林地和河滩土壤0～5cm层细菌数量最多,麦地中5～10cm层最多;麦田和林地5～10cm层放线菌数量最高,河滩0～5cm层最大;随着采样深度的增加,河滩土壤放线菌及林地土壤真菌数量减少。     

滨岸缓冲带在水源地农业面源污染防治上的应用

饮用水水源地污染已成为全球共同遭遇的重大环境问题之一,为保证人们的饮用水安全,有必要对进入水源地内的农业面源污染进行防治。滨岸缓冲带能够有效的防治农业面源污染已经得到广泛的认可,并在水源地保护上有一定的应用前景。文章综述了缓冲带的定义、结构、功能以及农业面源污染防治方面的应用等基础上,提出了我国滨岸缓冲带在饮用水源地保护中的应用前景。     

河岸植被土壤系统对面源污染的削减和净化研究

具有一定群落结构的河岸植被土壤系统内部具有较大的生物生存空间和相互作用区域,其间生物地球化学联合机制,可以减缓径流,捕获泥沙,截断或去除地表径流、壤中流或渗漏水及浅层地下水中的氮磷等元素。各种污染物的净化效果受系统内部和外部条件影响,主要包括：污染负荷、系统宽度、植被类型、水文地质、土壤条件等因素。     

Shallow groundwater nitrogen responses to di erent land use managements in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir in North China

This field study investigated the nitrogen concentrations in the shallow groundwater from an ephemeral stream and four land uses： cropland, two-year restored （2yr） and five-years restored （Syr） woodlands, fishponds, and the nitrogen flux in the riparian zone of Yuqiao Reservoir. The groundwater nitrate-N concentrations in cropland were the highest among the four land uses. Total dissolved nitrogen （TDN） and nitrate-N concentrations in the 2yr woodland were significantly （p 〈 0.05） higher than in 5yr woodland. The lowest nitrogen concentrations were detected in fishponds. Nitrate-N was the main form in cropland and 2yr woodland, whereas both nitrate-N and dissolved organic nitrogen （DON） were the main species in 5yr woodland and fishponds. But, ammonium-N was the main form in the ephemeral stream. During the rainy season, the groundwater flow with dissolved nitrogen drains from upland into the reservoir along the hydraulic gradient. The woodland between the cropland and reservoir could act as a buffer to retain shallow groundwater nitrogen. The dominant form of ammonium-N in the groundwater TDN pool in ephemeral stream indicated that nitrogen from the village and orchard in upland flowed into the reservoir via subsurface flow. The fishpond was not an important pollution source for nitrogen transfer via shallow groundwater.     

加利福尼亚州水权制度评介

美国加州水权法是一种独特的混合体系,由多种截然不同的权利组成,包括沿岸权、先占权以及其他类型的水权。文章主要从水权的类型、含义、内容等方面分析了加州水资源管理法律制度框架,并对加州可交易的先占权的获得、行使、变更、转让等问题进行了较为深入的探讨。     

河岸荆三棱带改善河水水质的中试研究

在1 a的时间里利用中试规模的荆三棱河岸带对受污染河水进行处理,主要考察了COD、NH⁺₄-N、TP、浊度和水温等水质指标.结果表明,荆三棱带在夏、秋季改善河水水质的效果好于冬、春季.荆三棱带在夏季对COD、NH⁺₄-N、TP和浊度的去除率分别为44.10%、78.66%、69.44%、99.53％,在冬季对河水水质也有一定程度的改善.荆三棱带可以降低河水温度及河水早晚温差,起到改善局部水环境的作用.荆三棱带与空白带的对比表明植物对去除水中污染物、改善局部水环境起着重要作用.     

滨河湿地地下水水位变化及其与河水响应关系研究

滨河湿地的发育与退化过程受河流水文过程的显著影响.以黄河湿地国家自然保护区盂津湿地为研究对象,通过滨河湿地地下水位变化(特刖是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了滨河湿地地下水水位与洪水的响应关系.结果表明,滨河湿地地下水位受河水水位影响显著,地下水位的波动幅度与河岸距离之间存在明显的负指数关系,调水期内这...