Mowers versus growers: Riparian buffer management in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains,USA

Despite long-standing knowledge of the benefits of riparian buffers for mitigating nonpoint source pollution, many streams are unprotected by buffers. Even landowners who understand ecological values of buffers mow riparian vegetation to the streambank. Do trends in rural riparian conditions reflect the development of riparian forest science? What motivates residential riparian management actions? Using high-resolution orthoimagery, we quantified riparian conditions and trends between 1998 and 2015 in the rural upper Little Tennessee River basin in Macon County, North Carolina and explored how landowners view riparian zone management and riparian restoration programs. Buffer composition in 2015 was as follows: no buffer (32.5%), narrow (19.3%), forested (26.7%), shrub (7.2%), and intermediate (7.0%). Relative to 1998, the greatest decrease occurred in the no buffer class (−17.7%, 46 km) and the largest increases occurred in the shrub (+72.5%, 20 km) and narrow (12.6%, 14 km) classes. Forested buffer marginally increased. Semi-structured interview data suggest that landowners prioritize recreational and scenic aspects of riparian buffers over ecological functions such as filtration and bank stabilization. Riparian restoration programs might be made more enticing to non-adopters if outreach language appealed to landowner priorities, design elements demonstrated intentional management, and program managers highlighted areas where ecological goals and landowner values align.     

Combined Effects of Levels of Protection and Environmental Variables at Different Spatial Resolutions on Fish Assemblages in a Marine Protected Area

Abstract: The links between species–environment relations and species’ responses to protection are unclear, but the objectives of marine protected areas (MPAs) are most likely to be achieved when those relations are known and inform MPA design. The components of a species’ habitat vary with the spatial resolution of the area considered. We characterized areas at two resolutions: 250 m² (transect) and approximately 30,000 m² (seascape). We considered three categories of environmental variables: substrate type, bottom complexity, and depth. We sought to determine at which resolution habitat characteristics were a better predictor of abundance and species composition of fishes and whether the relations with environmental variables at either resolution affected species’ responses to protection. Habitat features accounted for a larger proportion of spatial variation in species composition and abundances than differences in protection status. This spatial variation was explained best by habitat characteristics at the seascape level than at the transect level. Species’ responses to protected areas were specific to particular seascape characteristics, primarily depth, and bottom complexity. Our method may be useful for prioritizing marine areas for protection, designing MPAs, and monitoring their effectiveness. It identified areas that provided natural shelter, areas acting as buffer zones, and areas where fish species were most responsive to protection. The identification of such areas is necessary for cost‐effective establishment and monitoring of MPAs.     

中国城市热岛时空特征及其影响因子的分析

全球气候变暖背景下,城市热岛效应会加重城市地区的热胁迫,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战.近年来我国雾-霾污染情况严重,但雾-霾对城市热岛影响的认识仍较匮乏.本研究基于MODIS遥感卫星地表温度数据,明确了我国2003~2013年白天、夜间以及四季城市热岛的空间变化,并从生物物理学和生物化学角度定量分析其控制机制.结果表明,影响我国白天城市热岛强度的主要因素为人口、农田灌溉和植被活动.纬度、降水量、反照率以及气溶胶浓度是夜间城市热岛强度的主控因子.从对比城乡粗糙度、反照率等生物物理学属性的角度,揭示了乡村背景环境对城市热岛分析的重要影响.结果表明,雾-霾治理可以缓解我国夜间城市热岛现象和热胁迫,有利于缓解区域甚至全球气候变化.     

三峡库区消落带土壤邻苯二甲酸二丁酯静态释放特征

为了解特大型水库消落带优先有机污染物迁移转化规律,以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为代表性优先污染物,采用静态淹水法研究了土壤中DBP浓度、上覆水离子强度、有机质含量等因素对三峡库区消落带土壤中DBP静态释放规律的影响.结果表明,消落带土壤中DBP在淹水前期由土壤向上覆水中迁移释放,该过程分为短暂但是释放速率较快的快速释放阶段和释放时间较长但释放速率较慢的慢速释放阶段,此过程可以很好地用二室一级动力模型拟合.随着土壤中添加的DBP浓度的增大,DBP向上覆水快速释放速率加快,而快速释放比例则减小;慢释放速率和慢速释放比例则正好相反.随着上覆水离子强度的增加,快速释放比例增加,使DBP向上覆水释放量增加.上覆水高浓度的DBP在淹水初期会抑制土壤DBP的释放而且使DBP释放达到最大值的时间延迟.上覆水添加腐殖酸后,快速释放速率、慢速释放速率和快速释放比例均增大,从而使DBP向上覆水的释放量也增加.     

高原高寒地域中重型车辆进气预热起动辅助装置研究

目的解决高海拔地域中重型越野车辆的起动困难问题。方法从进气温度对车辆起动的影响因素入手,系统地研究几种典型进气预热型式的优缺点。针对中型和重型两台越野车的具体情况,设计选型集中加热的电阻型格栅式进气预热器。经设计计算和反复测试,确定两型加热器的尺寸和功率等主要参数和控制策略,计算分析与车载蓄电池的匹配关系。结果对两型进气预热器进行实车安装后,分别经过实验室试验和野外现场验证,在-30℃实验室常压环境和-27℃的高原环境条件下,两型车辆均能在3 min内顺利起动。结论在高原高寒地域,格栅式电阻进气预热器可有效解决-30℃以上温度范围的起动困难问题。该装置结构简单、安装方便、可靠性高,便于中重型车辆加装使用,为该类问题提供了有效的技术解决途径。     

岩溶关键带微量元素运移的时空变化:以豫西鸡冠洞为例

为探索岩溶关键带元素运移时空变化特征及过程,自2009年10月至2015年5月对我国北方典型岩溶关键带——河南西部鸡冠洞相互作用带中各组分(大气降水、土壤、基岩、洞穴滴水、洞穴现代沉积物)进行了连续定点监测及取样分析,共获得650个实验数据.对比了Ca、Mg、Ba、Sr、δ~(13)C及元素比值在不同组分中的变化情况及运移规律.结果表明:(1)土壤与基岩是滴水的主要物质来源,Mg、Ba、Sr符合"土壤-基岩"二元物源模型,但各自所占比例并不相同.(2)在空间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移相互联系.滴水继承了土壤及基岩的信号,现代沉积物又能延续滴水各元素的信息.元素在土壤纵剖面中表现出了明显的淋溶和淀积作用,最下层土壤较好地继承了基岩中微量元素的信息.(3)在时间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移复杂多变.土壤及滴水受降水淋滤作用影响皆表现明显的季节差异,然在岩溶水运移路径、PCP作用、极端干旱和年降水雨型的影响下,滴水元素浓度旱、雨季差异明显较土壤小.而PCP作用及元素选择性淋滤等因素又改变了沉积物中元素对滴水元素的延续特性.     

三峡库区消落带生态环境问题探讨

三峡工程的竣工,在库区两岸形成了垂直高差达30m的涨落地带,称之为消落带,对水库的实际运行影响深远。通过对这片区域特点和现状的研究,总结了当前三峡库区消落带出现的各种环境问题,如生态破坏、环境污染、景观影响、疾病问题、地质灾害等。针对各类环境问题的出现,提出了生态恢复、污染预防与治理、合理规划管理、出台相应政策等解决方法和控制措施,以期实现库区消落带的保护和充分利用,为库区社会、经济、环境的可持续发展提供参考。     

滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失的作用和机理研究

农田面源氮磷的流失是导致河流湖泊等水体产生富营养化的主要原因之一,其带来的环境、经济及社会问题已引起国内外广泛关注。近年来,关于滨岸缓冲带截留污染物的效率和机理已成为研究热点。文章介绍了滨岸缓冲带在农业面源污染防治上的功能和作用,论述了滨岸缓冲带对氮磷养分的截留转化机理以及稳定同位素技术在机理研究中的应用,讨论了影响滨岸缓冲带截留转化氮磷养分的调控因子,在此基础上就目前滨岸缓冲带控制农田氮磷流失研究中存在的问题提出了未来的研究展望。     

用H-Kappa方法反演龙门山断裂带及其邻区的莫霍面深度及波速比分布

利用龙门山断裂带及其邻近地区地震台站的远震波形记录,采用时间域迭代反褶积技术求取接收函数,并用多次反射波能量扫描求极大值和波形叠加反演的方法(H-Kappa方法)计算出台站下方的莫霍面深度和波速比。结果显示:莫霍面位于扬子地台西缘部分向西侧倾斜缓降,深度在40～48 km变化,地壳平均波速比值为1.81;都江堰、汶川、耿达一带处在龙门山推覆体范围之内的莫霍面起伏变化不大,深度在45 km左右,地壳平均波速比值为1.707 5;龙门山断裂带西侧的松潘—甘孜地块的平均地壳波速比为1.76,莫霍面深度南面部分比北面深约10 km,呈南深北浅状。     

滇池湖滨带湿生乔木湿地构建技术研究

采用以草本植物为主构建的湖滨湿地存在的主要问题是挺水植物繁殖速度快,生物量大,如每年不及时对死亡植株进行收割,会加快湖泊淤积速度,对湖泊水体造成二次污染;大面积湿地挺水植物的管护和收割,势必造成湿地管理强度和费用大幅提高。针对上述问题,文章重点介绍了在滇池草海湖滨带中以湿生乔木植物代替草本挺水植物的湖滨湿地构建技术现场试验研究成果,在湖滨带基底修复的基础上,选择垂柳、滇杨、中山杉、水杉、池杉和竹子等湿生植物开展现场试验,研究结果推荐适应能力较强、成活率较高和景观效果好的垂柳、中山杉为滇池湖滨带湿生乔木湿地构建的主要树种,为受损湖泊湖滨带生态修复提供借鉴。