地下水中氯代烃污染原位生物修复精细模拟研究

原位生物修复技术是修复地下水中挥发性氯代烃（VCHs）污染的重要手段之一.精细模拟修复过程是实现高效修复的关键.然而以往多数模拟VCHs修复过程的研究并未全面考虑VCHs自然衰减性质,势必会造成预测误差.因此,本研究针对当前VCHs原位生物修复模型的局限性,提出考虑VCHs自然衰减性质的原位生物修复Monod-Natural attenuation（M-Na）模型.该模型主要将自主开发的M-Na模型的源代码以用户自定义反应模块的形式嵌入到RT3D中.通过注入乳酸提供氢气进行原位生物修复含水层中四氯乙烯（PCE）污染,验证M-Na模型的精确性,并分析了修复过程参数变化（包括乳酸的注入浓度和速率）对修复效果的影响.算例分析结果表明,VCHs的自然衰减作用可以将修复产物乙烯（ETH）浓度提高10%左右,这在VCHs污染修复模拟过程中不可忽略;同时算例中乳酸的最佳注入浓度为30 mg·L^-1,最佳注入速率为200m³·d^-1.本研究成果有望为地下水VCHs污染原位生物修复精细模拟及高效修复提供模型参考.     

A metal-OH group modification strategy to prepare highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al for efficient acetone capture under humid conditions

A series of highly-hydrophobic MIL-53-Al (MIL = Materials of Institut Lavoisier) frameworks synthesized via decoration of the Al-OH groups by alkyl phosphonic acid were developed as adsorbents for removing acetone from humid gas streams. The newly prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Their adsorption behaviors toward acetone vapor under dry and wet conditions were studied subsequently. Results showed that alkyl phosphonic acid was successfully grafted into MIL-53-Al skeleton through coordinating interaction with Al³⁺ generating [email protected]_x (x = 12, 14, 18). The [email protected]_x exhibited similar crystal structure and thermal stability to parent MIL-53-Al. Furthermore, the modified materials showed significantly enhanced hydrophobicity. The water vapor uptake of [email protected]₁₄ decreased by 72.55% at 75% relative humidity (RH). Dynamic adsorption experiments demonstrated that water vapor had almost no effect on the acetone adsorption performance of [email protected]₁₄. Under the condition of 90% RH, the acetone adsorption capacity of [email protected]₁₄ was 102.98% higher than that of MIL-53-Al. Notably, [email protected]₁₄ presented excellent adsorption reversibility and regeneration performance in 10 adsorption-desorption cycles. Taken together, the strategy of metal-OH group modification is an attractive way to improve the acetone adsorption performance over metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) under humid conditions. Besides, [email protected]₁₄ would be deemed as a promising candidate for capturing acetone in high moisture environment.     

基于煤矸石制备的聚合氯化铝铁钛及其在二沉池出水处理中的应用

以煤矸石酸浸液为原料,经过钛掺杂、聚合、熟化和浓缩干燥等过程,制备了高效无机高分子混凝剂聚合氯化铝铁钛(PTAFC)。分别考察了钛投加量、pH、聚合温度、聚合时间对PTAFC混凝性能的影响,同时研究了PTAFC对城镇污水处理厂二沉池出水浊度、COD、总磷和氨氮的去除效果,并与聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)进行了对比。结果表明：在钛铁摩尔比0.3、pH=1.5、聚合温度60 ℃、聚合时间3 h、常温熟化24 h时,所制得的PTAFC性能最佳;在投加量70 mg·L⁻¹、pH=7、反应温度20 ℃、慢速搅拌速度40 r·min⁻¹的混凝条件下,对自配水的浊度、COD和UV₂₅₄的去除效果最好,去除率分别为99.13%、37.25%和39.9%。PTAFC对城镇污水处理厂二沉池出水的浊度和总磷有极好的去除效果,同时对COD和氨氮有一定去除能力,污染物去除能力明显优于PAFC。上述研究成果对有效减少煤矸石的堆存量、拓宽煤矸石利用渠道,实现混凝剂的低成本、高效率工业化生产和应用具有重要的意义。     

不同碳源下缺氧/好氧连续流系统生物除磷效果及其机理

为了考察前期发现的以淀粉为唯一碳源、缺氧好氧生物脱氮系统对含多种有机物的废水中磷的脱除,在以淀粉为唯一碳源、已能稳定生物除磷(除磷率达72％)的缺氧好氧连续流生物脱氮系统中,改变进水碳源组成及浓度,测定了系统对磷去除的变化、分析了系统除磷与进水碳源的关系.结果 表明,在进水中淀粉浓度保持为400 mg·L-1(以COD...     

酸沉降背景下太湖流域碱基离子流失特征模拟研究

太湖流域是我国酸沉降较严重的区域之一,酸沉降对流域碱基离子流失产生了显著影响。通过室内模拟试验,研究了流域内代表性碳酸盐岩及其风化产物和流域分布广泛的沙壤土在不同pH模拟酸溶液作用下碱基离子的释放特征。结果表明：1）碳酸盐岩中碱基离子释放量与酸溶液pH和粒径均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）。在10 d试验期内,Ca²⁺释放量最小值为0.26 g/kg,最大值达14.30 g/kg,且比K⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺释放量高1个数量级。2）碳酸盐岩风化产物与沙壤土中碱基离子对模拟酸溶液的敏感性为Ca²⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺。其释放量不仅与模拟酸溶液pH有关,还取决于介质本身特征（本身离子总量、成土母质环境及交换态离子量）。3）太湖流域不同介质对模拟酸溶液的缓冲能力存在显著差异,表现为碳酸盐岩>白云岩风化产物>石灰岩风化产物>沙壤土。分析认为,大量的碳酸盐与质子迅速发生的中和作用是碳酸盐岩及其风化产物具有较强缓冲能力的关键因素。

     

腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥的环境风险评估

处理过酸性矿涌水的赤泥如果未经处理大量堆存会对环境造成严重的危害,对其进行土壤化改良是实现其大宗消纳的一种可行性方法。腐殖酸呈酸性,是自然界中广泛存在的大分子有机物质,其对土壤的修复和改良作用十分明显。为研究腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥的环境风险,通过腐殖酸联合脱碱赤泥试验,对脱碱赤泥及其浸出液的理化性质进行了分析,并对添加腐殖酸后脱碱赤泥的浸出风险进行了评估。结果表明：添加质量百分比（腐殖酸:赤泥）为10%的腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥效果最好。此时,脱碱赤泥pH由9.1降至7.8左右;脱碱赤泥在pH较高时电动电位（Zeta电位）绝对值由20增大到28;腐殖酸中的富里酸类物质会逐渐转变成更加稳定的胡敏酸类物质;脱碱赤泥浸出液金属离子浓度降低,对赤泥金属离子固定有一定积极作用。综上,腐殖酸改良脱碱赤泥可以降低脱碱赤泥的环境风险。

     

活化过氧乙酸技术降解环境有机污染物的研究进展

近年来,以抗生素、内分泌干扰物等为代表的新污染物在环境中被频繁检出,对生态系统和人类健康构成潜在风险,高效稳定的有机污染物控制技术研发是当前环境领域的研究热点。以活化过氧乙酸的高级氧化技术为研究对象,对过渡金属、碳材料及其复合材料活化过氧乙酸的效果及其降解有机污染物的机制进行系统论述,重点探讨反应过程中的自由基（有机自由基、羟基自由基）和非自由基（单线态氧、高价金属氧物种、电子转移和表面络合的复合物）降解机制,总结了活化过氧乙酸技术在废水、土壤或沉积物、地下水等环境介质中对污染物的降解效果。提出了未来研究重点,即开发高效稳定的活化过氧乙酸催化剂,加强活化过氧乙酸技术在土壤和沉积物中降解有机污染物机制的探索,深入联合其他处理技术的应用研究。

     

广元市周边废弃煤矿酸性矿井涌水水质分析及地下水健康风险评价

为揭示酸性矿山废水对其周边地下水和地表水水质构成的影响,以及地下水中金属元素对人体健康的潜在危害,以广元市周边废弃煤矿为研究区域,对区域内23个地下水样品和39个地表水样品中的常规指标和金属元素进行测定和分析。基于内梅罗综合指数法和污染指数法分析研究区地下水及地表水环境质量,应用健康风险评价模型评价研究区地下水健康风险。结果表明：研究区范围内地表水中的TDS（总溶解性固体物质）、SO₄ ²⁻、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺浓度较高,其中TDS和SO₄ ²⁻平均浓度最高,超过GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类限值。研究区范围内地下水水质较差,SO₄ ²⁻、TDS、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高,其中SO₄ ²⁻以及TDS的平均浓度最高;地下水的金属元素平均浓度的大小顺序为TFe（Fe²⁺、Fe³⁺总和）>Al>Pb>Zn>Mn>Cu>TCr（Cr³⁺、Cr⁶⁺总和）>Cd>As>Hg,有9种金属元素超过GB/T 14848—2017《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值;从地下水的金属元素浓度空间分布来看,东部地区高于西部地区,旺苍县地下水水质受重金属污染最为严重。内梅罗指数评价结果显示,大部分地表水评价结果为良好或极好,少部分为较差或极差,这与污染指数评价结果具有较好的一致性,主要由矿井涌水排放导致。健康风险评价结果表明,研究区地下水健康总风险较高,主要来源于致癌性元素As、Cd和Cr,致癌风险均高于最大限值（10⁻⁴）,非致癌总风险均大于可接受的健康风险最大限值（1）,表明地下水具有较为严重的非致癌健康风险;研究区地下水经口暴露途径出现的潜在非致癌风险超过皮肤暴露途径,且成年人的潜在非致癌风险高于儿童。研究区范围内地下水水质存在较大健康风险,该类水体不宜饮用,在日后使用过程中应重点防控重金属Al、Pb、Zn和Fe引致的风险。

     

Communication ecology of webbing clothes moth: 4. Identification of male- and female-produced pheromones

Summary. We investigated the hypothesis that aggregation signals produced by male webbing clothes moths (WCM), Tineola bisselliella (Hum.) (Lepidoptera: Tineidae), and close-range male attractant signals produced by females have a pheromonal basis, at least in part. Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses of bioactive methanolic extracts of male WCM disclosed three candidate pheromone components: hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (16:Ester), (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid methyl ester (Z9—16:Ester), and octadecanoic acid methyl ester (18:Ester). In bioassay experiments in a large Plexiglas™ arena, a blend of synthetic 16:Ester plus Z9—16:Ester was attractive to male and virgin (but not mated) female WCM; the 18:Ester was inactive. GC-EAD analyses of pheromone gland extracts from female WCM revealed (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienal (E2Z13—18:Ald) and (E,Z)-2,13-octadecadienol (E2Z13—18:OH) as candidate sex pheromone components. In arena bioassay experiments, 1—5 female equivalents of synthetic E2Z13—18:Ald (0.2 ng) and E2Z13—18:OH (0.1 ng) were more attractive to male WCM than were two virgin female WCM. We anticipate that the combination of aggregation and sex pheromones, male-produced sonic aggregation signals, and habitat-derived semiochemicals will be highly effective in attracting male and female WCM to commercial traps. Received 12 January 2001; accepted 8 June 2001.     

Thermal and hydrometallurgical recovery methods of heavy metals from municipal solid waste fly ash

Heavy metals in fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators are present in high concentrations. Therefore fly ash must be treated as a hazardous material. On the other hand, it may be a potential source of heavy metals. Zinc, lead, cadmium, and copper can be relatively easily removed during the thermal treatment of fly ash, e.g. in the form of chlorides. In return, wet extraction methods could provide promising results for these elements including chromium and nickel. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare thermal and hydrometallurgical treatment of municipal solid waste fly ash. Thermal treatment of fly ash was performed in a rotary reactor at temperatures between 950 and 1050 °C and in a muffle oven at temperatures from 500 to 1200 °C. The removal more than 90% was reached by easy volatile heavy metals such as cadmium and lead and also by copper, however at higher temperature in the muffle oven. The alkaline (sodium hydroxide) and acid (sulphuric acid) leaching of the fly ash was carried out while the influence of temperature, time, concentration, and liquid/solid ratio were investigated. The combination of alkaline-acidic leaching enhanced the removal of, namely, zinc, chromium and nickel.