2种填料作为生物膜载体修复微污染河水的比较

采用序批式生物反应器(SBBR),在水温为(19.0±1.5)℃,DO≥4.5 mg/L条件下,比较基于2种生物膜填料(竹丝和空心塑料球)上的微生物对微污染河水中高锰酸钾指数(COD Mn)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等的去除效果。结果表明,经过4 h的运行,竹丝作为生物膜载体时,COD Mn、TN的去除分别为17.5%~48.8%和49.38%~70.93%,但TP的去除效果不明显;而基于空心塑料球的生物膜对COD Mn的去除率仅为2.4%~42%,对TN和TP去除效果均不明显。通过显微分析发现,基于竹丝填料生物载体上微生物种类、数量明显多于空心塑料球。     

不同处理技术对河流污染物降解系数影响的比较

以苏州官渎花园内河为研究背景,利用模拟河道分别考察了曝气复氧、人工水力循环、渗滤净化技术3种处理技术对受污河水中COD降解系数k COD、NH3-N降解系数k NH3-N变化规律的影响。实验表明,在无外源污染且河水滞留的天然情况下河道拥有一定自我净化的能力,并且3种处理技术对COD、NH3-N的降解系数都有一定提高,分别使k COD增加了34.3%、47.8%和57.8%,k NH3-N增加了8.35%、15.4%和52.8%,结果显示,渗滤净化技术对污染物降解系数的提高影响最大。     

未确知信息对河流型水源保护区划分的影响

基于未确知数学理论,考虑河流环境系统信息的未确知性,定义二维水质模型主要参数为未确知参数,建立未确知二维水质模型,递推计算出保护区划分的合理长度及对应的污染物浓度取值区间及可信度分布,并对未确知二维水质模型中各参数的影响做了比较分析。结果表明,利用未确知二维水质模型,以COD为污染物计算的晋江干流水源二级保护区水域长度为6 220m,该长度能在0.934 0的主观可信度上保证水质安全,而基于确定性水质模型,利用各参数均值计算的保护区长度5 350 m存在95.22%的水质超标风险率。未确知二维水质模型各参数影响分析表明,模型应用的未确知参数及各参数变异性对模型计算结果有较大关系,未确知参数考虑越多,保护区划分长度越长;参数变异系数越小,其对计算结果影响越小。     

石头口门水库流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定方法研究

流域水污染物排放总量控制目标的确定是当前总量控制领域的研究热点。采用ReNuMa模型对石头口门水库流域建立了污染源—水质的定量响应关系,从径流量、总氮的模拟结果来看,模型的模拟精度满足要求。其次,建立了包括4部分内容(容量总量控制目标、规划年预测排污量、目标合理性因子、环境管理调控系数)的流域总氮总量控制目标确定模型。通过模型计算得到2020年石头口门水库流域总氮的总量控制目标为2.49万t。该总量控制目标确定模型统筹了目标总量控制与容量总量控制要求,兼具科学性与可行性。     

伏牛溪水污染治理效果的数值模拟研究

为评估河流治污措施对河道水质改善的效果,用MIKE11模型对伏牛溪河道主要污染物氨氮和CODMn进行了数值模拟。结果表明:河道沿程点源全部截污后,可降低43%的氨氮和65%的CODMn,水质基本达到Ⅴ类水标准;补充20 000 m3/d污水厂尾水(仅深度处理其中6 000 m3/d),河道氨氮浓度将升高12%、CODMn浓度可降低17%,水质不能满足Ⅴ类水标准;补充20 000 m3/d全部深度处理的污水厂尾水,可以降低39%的氨氮和42%的CODMn,水质基本可达到Ⅴ类水标准;采取组合措施后,氨氮可降低12%~37%,CODMn可降低7%~30%。组合措施优于单一措施。     

长江中下游人工鱼礁水动力特性实验研究

受三峡蓄水的影响,长江中下游水文生态系统发生明显变化,导致四大家鱼产卵适宜度下降以及像中华鲟这类生殖洄游性鱼类鱼卵孵化率降低。建设人工鱼礁是缓解长江渔业资源衰退、保护长江物种多样性、保持长江渔业可持续发展的一项重要措施。基于水槽模型实验,以透空正六面体型人工鱼礁为研究对象,将鱼礁块体与护岸相结合铺设在河道岸坡上,构成鱼礁型生态护岸。通过对鱼礁型护岸周围水面线及水流流速等水力特性进行测量分析,得到了鱼礁型护岸的鱼类产卵场水力因子。结果表明:在长江中下游河道两岸铺设透空型人工鱼礁其周围水流流速可维持在0.84~1 m/s之间,处于四大家鱼产卵繁殖最适宜的流速范围内;且由于鱼礁的存在,使岸坡附近水流流速梯度增大并产生上升流及背涡流等一些复杂的水流流态,这些水力因素又刺激了四大家鱼的交配活动,增加鱼类的产卵量。     

Monitoring of DNA damage in haemocytes of freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana sampled from the Velika Morava River in Serbia with the comet assay

This study was undertaken to investigate the potential of the freshwater mussel Sinanodonta woodiana for detection of genotoxic pollution of the environment. Study was performed at two sites in the Velika Morava River, from May 2010 to February 2011. The alkaline comet assay on haemocytes was used, and the olive tail moment (OTM) was chosen as a measure of DNA damage. The specimens held on acclimation under controlled laboratory conditions for 10 d were used as a control. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of phosphates and increased concentrations of zinc, copper and nickel at both sites during the entire sampling period. The values of OTM in mussels collected from the environment, significantly correlated with the concentration of zinc (r = 0.6248), temperature (r = 0.7006) and dissolved oxygen (r = 0.7738). Seasonal variations in genotoxic response were observed, with the highest OTM values obtained during summer months. Preliminary results of the in vitro study indicated the effect of water temperature on genotoxic response to zinc and cadmium in S. woodiana suggesting that the presence of genotoxic pollutants during months with lower temperature could be under-estimated. Obtained results indicate that S. woodiana could be a valuable tool for active biomonitoring of aquatic environments and emphasizes the importance of seasonal genotoxic monitoring with this organism.     

The sea–air exchange of mercury (Hg) in the marine boundary layer of the Augusta basin (southern Italy): Concentrations and evasion flux

The first attempt to systematically investigate the atmospheric mercury (Hg) in the MBL of the Augusta basin (SE Sicily, Italy) has been undertaken. In the past the basin was the receptor for Hg from an intense industrial activity which contaminated the bottom sediments of the Bay, making this area a potential source of pollution for the surrounding Mediterranean. Three oceanographic cruises have been thus performed in the basin during the winter and summer 2011/2012, where we estimated averaged Hg_atm concentrations of about 1.5 ± 0.4 (range 0.9–3.1) and 2.1 ± 0.98 (range 1.1–3.1) ng m⁻³ for the two seasons, respectively. These data are somewhat higher than the background Hg_atm value measured over the land (range 1.1 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³) at downtown Augusta, while are similar to those detected in other polluted regions elsewhere. Hg evasion fluxes estimated at the sea/air interface over the Bay range from 3.6 ± 0.3 (unpolluted site) to 72 ± 0.1 (polluted site of the basin) ng m⁻² h⁻¹. By extending these measurements to the entire area of the Augusta basin (∼23.5 km²), we calculated a total sea–air Hg evasion flux of about 9.7 ± 0.1 g d⁻¹ (∼0.004 t yr⁻¹), accounting for ∼0.0002% of the global Hg oceanic evasion (2000 t yr⁻¹). The new proposed data set offers a unique and original study on the potential outflow of Hg from the sea–air interface at the basin, and it represents an important step for a better comprehension of the processes occurring in the marine biogeochemical cycle of this element.     

长江中游盆地地质环境系统演变与防治对策

在构造沉降,泥沙淤积及人工围的相互的相互作用下,长江中游盆地质环境系统分割为演变化方向不同的两部分,堤外水域成为人工过饱盆地,堤内垸地成人为人工饥饿盆地。,长江某些区段及洞庭湖 水位抬升,垸地高程不断降低,洪涝渍害不断加剧。     

The role of spring and rain floods in the development of zooplankton in beaver ponds

The role of spring floods as a factor determining the seasonal succession of zooplankton in beaver ponds is demonstrated. The absence of spring floods has an adverse effect on the zooplankton communities of beaver ponds. The taxonomic and trophic organization of communities becomes similar to that in areas exposed to anthropogenic imact. The rain floods in summer and autumn can return the system to early stages of seasonal succession.