望虞河西岸河网区沉积物营养盐和重金属污染时空分布特征

以无锡市望虞河西岸河网区为研究区域,于2018年12月—2019年9月分冬、春、夏、秋4个季节采集了上覆水和沉积物样本,研究氮磷营养因子在沉积物-上覆水界面的释放规律,探究主要水质指标、沉积物氮磷和重金属含量的时空分布特征。结果表明:研究区域内的水质状况不佳,主要是氮含量超标,污染严重的点位集中在人类活动较为密集的市区和工业区;受上覆水氮磷浓度、溶解氧浓度等变化的影响,沉积物营养盐含量季节变化明显,污染状况较为严重,75%的点位属于中度和重度污染;沉积物重金属含量季节变化不显著,部分重金属的空间分布特征相似,污染程度排序为Zn>Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>As。     

太湖主要入湖河流排污控制量研究

利用2006—2008年的监测数据对太湖主要入湖河流的水环境状况进行了分析,通过对研究区工业污染源、农业污染源和城镇生活污水排污的分布以及入河情况的调查,对各种污染源的入河量进行了计算,根据确定的水质目标,分别计算出主要入湖河流以及区域水系的水环境容量和排污控制量。结果表明:15条主要入湖河流超标现象显著,近3a来污染程度有所波动,N、P污染最为严重。研究区内污染物入河量较大,未接管的生活源污染物入河量所占比重最大,各类污染物均在50%～60%之间;张家港市的污染物入河量最大,各类污染物所占比重达总入河量的18%～20%。研究区内河网密布,水环境容量分布不均匀,望虞河、直湖港、武进港等7条河流水环境容量较大,张家港市区域水环境容量较大。为保证水质达标,研究区内近期共须削减CODCr66554.38t/a、NH4-N8105.71t/a、TP1324.42t/a;远期共须削减CODCr96719.08t/a、NH4-N11541.45t/a、TP1788.71t/a。     

基于最小数据集的成都平原某区土壤养分综合评价体系的构建

成都平原是我国重要的粮食、蔬菜、水果产地,进行土壤养分综合评价有利于了解区域土壤养分空间分布、丰缺程度,对区内土地的合理利用、养分变化监测具有重要作用.为此,本文基于土壤地球化学数据,通过相关分析、主成分分析、Norm值计算,构建了研究区土壤养分综合评价的最小数据集(MDS),并对比了国内16个MDS土壤养分评价体系....     

三峡水库主要入库河流磷营养盐特征及其来源分析

以2004～2005年的三峡水库3条主要入库河流(长江、嘉陵江、乌江)中的水文、水质的调查参数为依据,研究了三峡水库入库河流中主要的水文变化特征、磷营养盐的季节性分布规律、形态组成及富营养化状态.结果表明,3条入库河流的流量、悬浮物呈现明显的季节性变化,丰水期的悬浮物含量明显高于枯水期.3条入库河流总磷的平均值在0.12～0.29 mg/L之间,均远远高于20世纪70年代的总磷含量,长江朱沱断面水体的磷含量高于嘉陵江北碚断面和乌江武隆断面的磷含量.总磷含量(TP)中以总颗粒态磷酸盐(TPP)为主,平均占75%以上;3个监测断面中流量、悬浮物与TP、TPP均呈显著正相关性,TPP和TP也呈显著正相关性.结果表明泥沙将颗粒态磷带入河流是主要的磷污染源,总磷的污染受面源污染影响较大.氮和磷都不是三峡水库入库河流中浮游植物的限制因子,3条入库河流中的N/P值较高(＞30),表明磷有可能被优先消耗到低值.     

基于冗余分析的成都市府河缓冲带土地利用对水质的影响

土地利用是影响河流水环境质量的重要因素之一。然而,大型城市河流缓冲区的土地利用类型及组成对河流水质的影响方式仍不清晰。选取成都市中心城区的府河及其支流作为研究对象,设置17个水质监测断面,于2018年1月—2019年12月对COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TP 3个水质指标开展连续监测。同时,还获得了相同时段内的降水数据和基于高分卫星(GF-1)影像解译的土地利用数据。在此基础上,利用空间分析以及冗余分析方法,探讨河岸缓冲区内土地利用结构、组成对府河及支流水质的影响。研究结果表明:选取河段从上游到下游的COD_Mn、NH₄⁺-N和TP浓度均呈增加趋势,这3类污染物在上游第一个监测断面浓度依次为1.73、0.26、0.06 mg/L,到下游最后一个监测断面浓度为2.59、0.97、0.15 mg/L。相对于干流,府河支流污染物浓度无明显空间分布特征。从时间上看,6—9月水体中各污染物浓度相对较高。基于冗余分析的结果发现,在河段2 000 m缓冲区范围内的土地利用类型对水质的影响最明显,校正后的解释度达57%,表明河段内污染物质主要源于此区域。该范围内,建设用地与其他生产用地可能是COD_Mn与NH₄⁺-N的主要源区,农业用地是TP的主要来源,生态用地对于COD_Mn与NH₄⁺-N具有一定的吸收分解作用。但是,研究区生态用地以园林绿化用地为主,需要施用磷肥,可能成为水体TP的重要贡献源。因此,合理规划河流2 000 m缓冲范围内的建设用地与生态用地比例,控制园林绿化用地的施肥用量,是保障成都市城市河流水环境安全的重要途径。     

IMPACTS ON GROUNDWATER DUE TO LAND APPLICATION OF SEWAGE SLUDGE1

The project was designed to demonstrate the potential benefits of utilizing sewage sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer on Sassafras sandy loam soil. Aerobically digested, liquid sewage sludge was applied to the soil at rates of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 Mg of dry solids/ha for three consecutive years between 1978 and 1981. Groundwater, soil, and crop contamination levels were monitored to establish the maximum sewage solids loading rate that could be applied without causing environmental deterioration. The results indicate that application of 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha of sludge is the upper limit to ensure protection of the groundwater quality on the site studied. Application rates at or slightly below 22.4 Mg of dry solids/ha are sufficient for providing plant nutrients for the dent corn and rye cropping system utilized in the study.     

CALIBRATION AND APPLICATION OF QUAL-II TO THE LOWER WINOOSKI RIVER1

ABSTRACT: A modified version of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's QUAL-II water quality simulation model is calibrated and applied to the Lower Winooski River, Vermont. The river flows through the metropolitan Burlington area and is impacted by several industrial and municipal point sources and by operation of hydropower facilities. Several structural modifications are made in the model to improve water quality simulations in rivers impacted by algal growth; these include the addition of organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus compartments and provision for algal uptake of ammonia and/or nitrate nitrogen. The model is interfaced with statistical programs which facilitate tabulation, display, and analysis of observed and predicted concentrations. The model is calibrated and tested against data from two intensive water quality surveys. Applications demonstrate the factors controlling water quality and sensitivities to point source waste management strategies and flow, as influenced by hydropower operations.     

Influence of Dissolved Organic Matter On the Bio-Availability and Toxicity of Metals in Soils and Aquatic Systems

Cations in soil are essential for the growth of plants and micro-organisms. Their availability is dependent on soil organic matter. Soil organic matter (SOM) is heterogeneous comprising amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids, but particularly humic substances. All these substances can complex cations selectively. Mechanisms of complexation with dissolved organic matter are discussed. Such complexation can lead to the apparently contradictory observations that dissolved organic matter (DOM) can either increase the concentration of some less soluble nutrients, making them more available for plant uptake, or make them less available and hence less toxic. the importance of DOM is discussed in relation to soil solution, particularly the rhizosphere, and also in relation to aquatic systems. the latter systems contain mainly dissolved humic substances whereas in the soil, non-humic substances assume a greater importance.

SOM in the rhizosphere is derived from plant, microbial and animal remains but much, especially the water-soluble compounds, are acquired through root exudation. Exudation has important consequences for enhanced nutrient availability as a result of the production of non-humic substances such as amino, aliphatic and phenolic acids. in future, the role of root exudation in relation to DOM and nutrient availability should be investigated more fully, particularly as predicted elevated CO₂ levels are likely to have a major impact on root exudation, nutrient availability, and possibly ecosystem community structure and functioning. It is likely that more information will become available on aquatic systems as more highly sensitive techniques and equipment capable of dealing with low concentrations of DOM in these systems become available.     

原生动物生物指数在福州市内河水质评价中的运用

利用已建立的原生动物种类污染值SPV，结合化学指标计算原生动物群落污染值CPV，并与水质化学综合污染指数Pb的自然对数进行相关性分析。结果表明该指数也适用于城区内河水体．     

红树植物对养殖水体中营养盐和浮游植物的影响

对深圳沙井镇9个种植红树的鱼塘和一个无红树植物的对照塘水体中营养盐及浮游植物进行了为期1 a的调查研究.结果表明：在鱼塘中种植红树植物能有效降低养殖水体中的营养盐浓度,种植不同种类及不同面积比例红树的鱼塘对N、P营养盐的降低效果无明显的差异,对照塘中浮游植物的密度和生物量均高于种植红树的鱼塘,其初级生产力亦远高于实验塘.