浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%~3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度（0.12%）和pH值（1.49%）,产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.     

北运河沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布特征及其溯源分析

通过采集沙河水库表层(0～20 cm)沉积物样品,分析了沉积物中氮、磷、有机质的分布特征,并结合排污口附近和水库典型区域沉积物中有机质(Organic Matter, OM)和溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter, DOM)的荧光光谱特征、分子量分布特征(Molecular Weight Distribution, MWD),研究了点源污染对沙河水库沉积物营养盐分布的潜在影响.结果表明,表层沉积物间隙水中氨氮(NH~+_4-N)、磷酸盐(PO■-P)平均浓度及沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的平均含量依次为(52.13±40.32)、(1.75±1.88) mg·L~(-1)与(2853.81±1501.93)、(1496.00±454.06) mg·kg~(-1).库区沉积物中TN、TP含量由库上游((1898.00±1047.54)、(1264.00±104.61) mg·kg~(-1))经库心区((2996.67±1405.13)、(1340.00±332.47) mg·kg~(-1))至库下游((4500.00±920.00)、(1750.00±10.00) mg·kg~(-1))依次增高.沉积物C/N比分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中有机质来源于陆源与自生生物源的混合源.而三维荧光光谱和分子量分布的分析表明,点源污染区与库区沉积物中DOM的组成特性具有一致性,且主要来源于自生生物源.Pearson相关性分析表明,沉积物中营养盐(TN、TP)与有机质具有显著相关关系(p0.01).这些结果清楚地表明,点源污染区沉积物中高的营养盐、有机质含量是库区污染物累积的潜在重要来源.     

左右岸跨界水污染治理演化博弈与政策路径研究

基于流域跨界水污染问题多关注于上下游矛盾而忽视左右岸的"公地悲剧",本研究构建左、右岸地区和流域政府三方演化博弈模型,探索奖惩、补偿及复合机制下的主体决策和演化格局差异,结合仿真实验给出推动左右岸协同治理政策路径.结果显示,实现左右岸地区达标排放的关键在于显化达标排放收益与超标排放损失.流域政府倾向于选择奖惩或补偿的单一机制,奖惩机制在不同政策组合中显示出必要性,补偿机制具有加快达标决策、减缓超标决策的收敛速度的积极意义.政策路径是首先采取"阶梯惩罚政策"并增加严重超标惩罚额;继而依次增加奖励和惩罚额促成"奖惩机制",或依次增加奖励额和左右岸之间的补偿额促成"补偿机制",同时给出了上述额度的量化表达式.     

高原深水型湖库水体重金属及营养盐耦合关系探究——以乌江构皮滩水库为例

水体富营养化及重金属污染都是严峻的水污染问题,二者可能存在一定的拮抗作用,但关于重金属与营养盐间耦合机理研究相对较少。本文选取乌江高磷背景的构皮滩水库为研究对象,分析2018年1、4、7、10月的支流表层水、库区分层水和下泄水的营养盐、溶解态重金属及相关水化学参数。通过不同组分间的Pearson相关分析及重金属聚类分析,发现As、Ni、Co与Mn可能主要来自于矿山废水,而Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr主要与生活、农业废水排放有关。Fe、DSi可作为指示重金属与营养盐耦合机制的代表元素,Fe用于表征外源及氧化还原条件的贡献,DSi可指示生物作用(包括吸收、分解等)的参与程度。结合DSi/TDN、As/Fe、Zn/As分析,表明该地区重金属及营养盐间的耦合关系主要受径流、硫酸盐还原作用及颗粒态污染物吸附/解吸等综合作用的影响。该研究为重金属及营养盐耦合机制探究提供一定的理论依据,同时对喀斯特深水型湖库复合污染治理具有重要指导意义。     

黔西北土法炼锌废渣堆场修复植物叶片和废渣的生态化学计量特征

为探讨土法炼锌废渣堆场实现生态修复后废渣-植物系统中植物内稳性以及不同植被类型与氮磷限制的关系,选择黔西北威宁县猴场镇已开展生态修复达4年的土法炼锌废渣堆场为研究区域,以废渣堆场上生长良好的5种优势乔灌草植物即构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）、柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）、大叶醉鱼草（Buddleja davidii）、芦竹（Arundo donax）、三叶草（Trifolium repens L）为研究对象,研究5种优势植物在铅锌废渣堆场中碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）的生态化学计量特征及其相互关系。结果表明：不同优势植物修复的废渣中C、N含量较高,P、K含量较低,三叶草废渣中N、P含量显著高于其他植物（p<0.05）,有效氮、有效磷与速效钾表现为三叶草废渣较高,柳杉较低;各元素化学计量特征表现为C∶P > C∶K > C∶N > N∶P > N∶K > P∶K,三叶草废渣中N∶K、P∶K显著高于其余四种植物。5种植物叶片中N含量整体较低,草本植物三叶草N、P、K含量明显高于其余几种植物;通过叶片N∶P分析表明,除三叶草生长受P限制,其余4种植物生长都受N限制。废渣与植物叶片中养分含量间的相关性表明,植物叶片中N、P、K含量分别与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。除叶片N∶P与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈正相关外,叶片中其余元素间的化学计量比均与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈负相关,其中叶片C∶K、P∶K与废渣中有效态养分（N、P、K）含量呈极显著负相关（p<0.01）。因此,废渣中N、P、K的有效性显著影响着植物叶片中N、P、K的含量及生态化学计量特征。     

Water Quality Trading with Lumpy Investments,Credit Stacking,and Ancillary Benefits

This paper studies the economics of a water quality trading market in a predominantly agricultural watershed, and explores the effects of credit stacking in such a market when buyers and sellers of pollution credits can only reduce pollution with large, discrete investments that yield discontinuous supply and demand. The research simulates hypothetical water quality trading markets in the corn‐belt area of Illinois, where wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can pay farmers to reduce nutrients by installing wetlands and farmers may or may not be allowed to earn payments for multiple services from one wetland. We find that wetlands are a more cost‐effective way to mitigate nitrogen pollution than abatement by WWTPs. Stacking credits may improve social welfare while providing more ecosystem services if there is enough demand for the primary credit in the market (nitrogen) to cover most of the cost of installing the wetland but the supply of nitrogen credits is not exhausted. However, in the presence of lumpy pollution reduction activities, the effects of allowing stacked credit sales are idiosyncratic and not necessarily positive; stacked payments may or may not satisfy additionality. The results imply that credit trading for nitrogen is likely to make society better off, but the effects of allowing farmers to receive multiple payments from a single wetland depend on details of the situation.     

Reach‐Scale Comparison of Habitat and Mollusk Assemblages for Select Sites in the Clinch River with Regional Context

Several hypotheses, including habitat degradation and variation in fluvial geomorphology, have been posed to explain extreme spatial and temporal variation in Clinch River mollusk assemblages. We examined associations between mollusk assemblage metrics (richness, abundance, recruitment) and physical habitat (geomorphology, streambed composition, fish habitat, and riparian condition) at 10 sites selected to represent the range of current assemblage condition in the Clinch River. We compared similar geomorphological units among reaches, employing semi‐quantitative and quantitative protocols to characterize mollusk assemblages and a mix of visual assessments and empirical measurements to characterize physical habitat. We found little to no evidence that current assemblage condition was associated with 54 analyzed habitat metrics. When compared to other sites in the Upper Tennessee River Basin (UTRB) that once supported or currently support mollusk assemblages, Clinch River sites were more similar to each other, representing a narrower range of conditions than observed across the larger geographic extent of the UTRB. A post‐hoc analysis suggested stream size and average boundary shear stress at bankfull stage may have historically limited species richness in the UTRB (p < 0.001). Associations between mollusk assemblages and physical habitat in the UTRB and Clinch River currently appear obscured by other factors limiting richness, abundance, and recruitment.     

Large Biases in Regression‐Based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools

It has been documented in the literature that, in some cases, widely used regression‐based models can produce severely biased estimates of long‐term mean river fluxes of various constituents. These models, estimated using sample values of concentration, discharge, and date, are used to compute estimated fluxes for a multiyear period at a daily time step. This study compares results of the LOADEST seven‐parameter model, LOADEST five‐parameter model, and the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) model using subsampling of six very large datasets to better understand this bias problem. This analysis considers sample datasets for dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus. The results show that LOADEST‐7 and LOADEST‐5, although they often produce very nearly unbiased results, can produce highly biased results. This study identifies three conditions that can give rise to these severe biases: (1) lack of fit of the log of concentration vs. log discharge relationship, (2) substantial differences in the shape of this relationship across seasons, and (3) severely heteroscedastic residuals. The WRTDS model is more resistant to the bias problem than the LOADEST models but is not immune to them. Understanding the causes of the bias problem is crucial to selecting an appropriate method for flux computations. Diagnostic tools for identifying the potential for bias problems are introduced, and strategies for resolving bias problems are described.     

Channel Roughness in North Carolina Mountain Streams

Channel roughness, often described by Manning's n, is used to represent the amount of resistance that flow encounters, and has direct implications on velocity and discharge. Ideally, n is calculated from a long‐term record of channel discharge and hydraulic geometry. In the absence of these data, a combination of photo references and a validated qualitative method is preferable to simply choosing n arbitrarily or from a table. The purpose of this study was to use United States Geological Survey (USGS) streamflow data to calculate roughness coefficients for streams in the mountains of North Carolina. Five USGS gage stations were selected for this study, representing drainage areas between 71.5 and 337 km². Photo references of the study sites are presented. Measured discharges were combined with hydraulic geometry at a cross‐section to calculate roughness coefficients for flows of interest. At bankfull flow, n ranged between 0.039 and 0.064 for the five study sites. Roughness coefficients were not constant for all flows in a channel, and fluctuated over a large range. At all sites, roughness was highest during low‐flow conditions, then quickly decreased as flow increased, up to the bankfull elevation.     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤理化性质的影响

土壤养分是三峡库区消落带生态系统的重要组成部分。通过对石宝寨消落带12个水位96个样点的土壤分析,研究了消落带不同水位土壤容重、酸碱度、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量变化。结果表明:①淹水后消落带土壤由微碱性(pH值=7.91)变为碱性(pH值=8.14),养分平均含量普遍下降,速效钾含量下降最多(46.7%),淹水易造成养分流失;②消落带土壤淹水前各测定指标在不同高程之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);③不同淹水强度的土壤容重、有机质、全氮、速效钾含量差异极显著(P＜0.01),氨态氮含量差异显著(P＜0.05),淹水土壤pH值高于未淹水土壤,有机质、全氮及速效钾含量低于未淹水土壤;④长期淹水后(146 m)的土壤出现有机质及全量养分累积现象。