北京市典型交通道路CO的污染现状

于春季、秋季和冬季分别对北京市3类典型道路(开阔型、十字路口型、峡谷型)空气中CO污染进行了现场监测,对CO时空分布和影响因素进行分析。结果表明:十字路口CO平均浓度最高,为2.81mg/m3,CO日变化幅度较小,在中午上下班时间出现高峰,峡谷型道路次之,为2.55mg/m3,CO日变化呈单峰型,在中午前出现爬坡,下午有所降低,学院路CO污染最轻,CO平均浓度为2.39mg/m3,CO浓度日变化呈多峰型,早中晚高,其他时段较低;冬季CO污染最严重,平均浓度明显高于春季和秋季,分别为3.18mg/m3、2.49mg/m3,和2.45mg/m3;风向对CO的分布也有很大影响,背风面的CO浓度明显高于迎风面的CO浓度。     

Direct and Indirect Effects of Forest Harvesting on Sediment Yield in Forested Watersheds of the United States

Managed forests generally produce high water quality, but degradation is possible via sedimentation if proper management is not implemented during forest harvesting. To mitigate harvesting effects on total watershed sediment yield, it is necessary to understand all processes that contribute to these effects. Forest harvesting best management practices (BMPs) focus almost exclusively on overland sediment sources, whereas in‐and‐near stream sources go unaddressed although they can contribute substantially to sediment yield. Thus, we propose a new framework to classify forest harvesting effects on stream sediment yield according to their direct and indirect processes. Direct effects are those caused by erosion and sediment delivery to surface water from overland sources (e.g., forest roads). Indirect effects are those caused by a shift in hydrologic processes due to tree removal that accounts for increases in subsurface and surface flows to the stream such that alterations in water quality are not predicated upon overland sediment delivery to the stream, but rather in‐stream processes. Although the direct/indirect distinction is often implicit in forest hydrology studies, we have formalized it as a conceptual model to help identify primary drivers of sediment yield after forest harvesting in different landscapes. Based on a literature review, we identify drivers of these effects in five regions of the United States, discuss current forest management BMPs, and identify research needs.     

Roads,Interrupted Dispersal,and Genetic Diversity in Timber Rattlesnakes

Abstract: Anthropogenic habitat modification often creates barriers to animal movement, transforming formerly contiguous habitat into a patchwork of habitat islands with low connectivity. Roadways are a feature of most landscapes that can act as barriers or filters to migration among local populations. Even small and recently constructed roads can have a significant impact on population genetic structure of some species, but not others. We developed a research approach that combines fine‐scale molecular genetics with behavioral and ecological data to understand the impacts of roads on population structure and connectivity. We used microsatellite markers to characterize genetic variation within and among populations of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) occupying communal hibernacula (dens) in regions bisected by roadways. We examined the impact of roads on seasonal migration, genetic diversity, and gene flow among populations. Snakes in hibernacula isolated by roads had significantly lower genetic diversity and higher genetic differentiation than snakes in hibernacula in contiguous habitat. Genetic‐assignment analyses revealed that interruption to seasonal migration was the mechanism underlying these patterns. Our results underscore the sizeable impact of roads on this species, despite their relatively recent construction at our study sites (7 to 10 generations of rattlesnakes), the utility of population genetics for studies of road ecology, and the need for mitigating effects of roads.     

北京夏季道路环境中NO_x,NMHCs及气象因子对ρ(O_3)的影响

通过对北京市2009年夏季3种典型道路(开阔道路、交叉道路、街道峡谷)环境中O3,O3前体物(NO,NMHCs等)及气象因子的监测,分析了北京市典型道路环境中ρ(O3)的变化规律及O3前体物质量浓度与气象因子对ρ(O3)的影响.结果表明:夏季北京市典型道路环境中ρ(O3)呈明显的日间单峰变化规律,这与非道路环境并无不同.不同类型道路环境中ρ(O3)的变幅与峰值出现时间有所不同;3种典型道路环境中ρ(O3)与ρ(NO),ρ(NMHCs)等均呈良好的负相关关系,与ρ(NO2),ρ(NO2)/ρ(NO)呈良好的正相关关系;3种类型道路环境中ρ(O3)均呈现出与紫外强度、温度相同的变化趋势,而与相对湿度的变化趋势相反,ρ(O)高值出现于高温、强紫外线与低湿度的时刻,ρ(O)变化略滞后于紫外强度变化.     

重庆市城区交通干道空气污染特征

于秋冬两季，利用法国生产的自动监测仪对重庆市城区7条交通主干道的近地面空气质量进行了监测。结果表明：在监测期间，各个监测点PM1o是首要污染物，并且秋季比冬季污染严重，7条道路的日平均浓度为0．419mg／m^3，最大浓度为0．687mg／m^3，最大超标率为3．58倍；而NO2和SO2在冬季比秋季污染严重，NO2最高浓度是0.126mg／m^3，平均浓度是0．089mg／m^3，S02最高浓度是0．333mg／m^3，平均浓度是0．216mg／m^3，表明交通干道空气污染严重。     

西宁地区公路两侧土壤和植物中铅含量及其评价

对西宁市郊主要公路两侧的和植物中的重金属铅含量采用原子吸收进行了测定。土误用 植物中的污染都较严重。铅的含量比清洁对照区高,土壤２．７－４．１倍。杨树枝叶３．０－４．１倍,小麦青苗３．０－３．７倍,蔬菜２．５－２．３倍。土壤、树木和农作物在距路边８０－１００ｍ处铅含量通常降到当地背景水平。     

PS-InSAR监测矿区建筑物及道路动态沉降安全分析*

针对矿山井下开采引发的地表沉降,提出1种结合时序相干系数阈值、振幅离差指数阈值和强度信息阈值的三重阈值法PS点识别方法的PS-InSAR技术。基于哨兵1号A星（Sentinel-1A）的雷达图像,依据三重阈值法识别到淮北市郊一煤矿311工作面采区内重要建筑物和道路的PS点,分别分析开采沉陷阶段的地表沉降活跃期（2018年7月14日—2019年9月7日）和该工作面停采2个月后地表沉陷衰退期（2019年9月7日—2021年1月23日）的动态沉降速率、沉降大小。研究结果表明:三重阈值法能筛选出更有效的PS点,可提高PS点识别与PS-InSAR技术监测精度,说明利用三重阈值法识别PS点的PS-InSAR技术监测矿区建筑物及道路安全具有可行性。     

国外乡村公路交通安全水平

收集和整理了美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚等国关于乡村公路交通安全的管理和研究成果;归纳国外乡村公路的定义;分析乡村公路在交通事故数量、伤亡人数、死伤率等方面的基本情况。笔者通过对国外乡村公路交通安全水平研究,有如下3个结论:第一,目前还没有一个被普遍接受的乡村公路的定义;第二,乡村公路的交通事故后果比城市道路严重得多;第三,乡村公路交通安全水平提高的速度比城市道路慢;吸取国外乡村公路交通安全管理经验,为我国农村公路交通安全水平的改善提供有益的借鉴。     

Shrinking Tropical Forests, Human Agents of Change, and Conservation Policy

Abstract:  Human agents of landscape transformation in the tropics affect forests differently as the forests decline in size. Five agents of change—road builders, corporate concession holders, community forest managers, park advocates, and urban consumers—have different effects on large forests in remote tropical regions than they do on remnant forests in settled agricultural regions. Because forests vary so much in size across tropical regions, these differences in the effects of agents on forests have important implications for regional conservation efforts. To make these implications explicit, I compared the effects of the five agents in regions with large forests with their effects in regions with small forests. The comparisons indicated that, as forests declined in size, new roads no longer destroyed forests, corporate loggers left the forests, community forest managers became more effective, parks became less feasible as a means of conservation, and urban consumers initiated tree planting. My results suggest that awareness about the changing effects of humans on landscapes with shrinking forests can serve as a useful tool in formulating regionally appropriate policies for conserving tropical forests.