岷江上游典型村落资源利用与影响动因分析

从耕地占有数量及利用效率、土地资源构成、村落农业生产技术以及村落布局4个方面,研究岷江上游4个典型村落农业资源利用变化特点,认为农业资源禀赋条件、科技进步程度、民族文化和历史因素、制度政策、市场因子以及生态环境状况是形成村落资源利用的基本动因。     

论湖南农村剩余劳动力转移的对策

湖南省在深入学习贯彻“十六大”精神时，落实“十六大”任务、目标及其要求的行动中，结合省内的实际情况，提出了在加快工业化进程的同时，着力解决“三农”问题，特别是农村劳动力转移问题．本文就湖南农村剩余劳动问题谈谈粗浅看法．     

发展农村沼气建设生态家园

以沼气建设为核心的“猪沼果”等生态家园技术模式的推广，在实施农业可持续发展战略中发挥了越来越重要的作用。这种模式，在促进农业结构调整、增加农民收入的同时，能保护和改善生态环境、高效利用资源、提高农产品的质量安全和改善农村环境卫生，从而实现家居温暖清洁化、庭院经济高效化和农业生产无害化的生态家园富民目标。     

A Comparison of Bacterial Indicators and Methods in Rural Surface Waters

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommends the use of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and enterococci as indicators of enteric pathogens in fresh waters; however, fecal coliform analyses will remain important by virtue of the large amount of historic data collected in prior years. In this study, we attempted, in a real-world situation (i.e., a rural inland watershed in the Piedmont of South Carolina) to compare different bacterial indicators and methods to one another. We compared fecal coliforms, enumerated by membrane filtration with E. coli, enumerated by a commercialized enzyme substrate method and observed E. coli/fecal coliform ratios of 1.63 and 1.2 for two separate tests. In the same watershed, we observed an E. coli/fecal coliform ratio of 0.84 when we used the commercialized enzyme substrate method for both enumerations. Given these results, users of such data should exercise care when they make comparisons between historic membrane filtration data and data acquired through the use of the more modern enzymatic methods. Some sampling and side-by-side testing between methods in a specific watershed may be prudent before any conversion factors between old and new datasets are applied.     

黄淮海平原农区宅基地扩展时空特征及整治潜力分析——以禹城市5个村庄为例

综合遥感解译、宗地调查和入户问卷调查方法,研究黄淮海平原农区禹城市5个村庄的宅基地时空演变特征和不同退出标准的宅基地整治潜力和整治效果。研究结果表明：（1）改革开放以来,农村宅基地经历了剧烈扩张,调研村庄的宅基地平均扩张了3.7倍。2015年户均宅基地高达1.6宗,30.8%的农户存在“一户多宅”现象,28.5%的房屋被闲置或废弃。（2）2000年以前,调研村庄的宅基地空间扩张模式以飞地式为主,2000年后被填充式和蔓延式所取代。分村庄来看,宅基地空间扩张受到主要交通干线布局、土地资源禀赋和村庄初始布局等因素的影响。（3）调研村庄宅基地整治具有较大的理论潜力,可节约56%的村庄居住用地。基于两套退出标准方案的宅基地整治可分别节约26%和36%的村庄居住用地,但均与理论潜力存在较大差距。（4）未来宅基地试点改革亟需在推进转移人口市民化、建立宅基地退出补偿价值体系、探索退出的宅基地转化为集体经营性建设用地的办法等宏观体制机制推进,并在微观层面依据农户就业结构和土地资源禀赋分类施策。     

论农村居民点用地混合利用的研究框架

土地混合利用倡导不同使用性质/功能用地的混合布局,是提高经济发展活力与土地利用集约度的重要途径。当前,土地混合利用主要应用于城市用地演变与规划实践领域,伴随着城乡互动加剧,城乡界限趋于模糊,经济发达地区的农村居民点用地内部结构与功能逐渐多样化,也呈现显著的混合利用特征。基于此,尝试将土地混合利用应用到农村居民点用地演变与规划中,在回顾土地混合利用理论及其应用的基础上,按照“内涵特征—定量测度—驱动机理—实践路径”的逻辑思路,对经济发达地区的农村居民点用地混合利用进行系统解析,并以天津都市郊区的姚村为例实证本文提出的研究框架,在理论上丰富农村居民点用地转型的内容与方法,在实践中为编制村庄规划、助推乡村振兴提供科学支撑。     

常熟乡村生活垃圾治理研究

通过调研和咨询,研究了常熟市乡村生活垃圾的产量、组成、收集处理和管理模式等。调查表明,常熟市乡村人均生活垃圾日产生量为1.11 kg,主要垃圾成分的占比顺序为厨余>塑料>纸类>布类,其中厨余垃圾约占70%。常熟市乡村垃圾治理采取"组保洁、村收集、镇转运、市处理"的收运处理模式,并因地制宜采用焚烧发电的终端处理方式,在管理方面强化"统一规划、保障资金、监督管理、宣传推广"。由于技术和管理体系较为完善,常熟市乡村垃圾治理达到或接近发达国家水平。但当前常熟市乡村垃圾治理仍存在无区别对待、混合式收集、过度离域处理的问题。结合常熟市实际情况,建议从因地制宜、源头分类、原位处理等方面进行完善,并依据村落类型,提出了两种改进策略。     

农村污水治理政府组织实施模式创新研究——以县域为基本单元

目前,中国农村污水治理面临体制机制障碍和政府组织实施等诸多难题.县域是具备财政统筹和政策制定能力的最基本行政区划,以县域为基本单元组织实施农村污水治理具有必要性和可行性.为此,需要厘清县级政府及其职能部门组织实施责任,注重农村污水处理工程设计管理、工程施工管理、工程资金管理以及农村污水处理工程的长效运行管理.这种“过程管理”,能够解决农村污水治理的组织实施难题,改善农村地区水环境和卫生状况,促进农村经济和社会可持续发展.     

江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理现状及对策研究

基于对江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施的全面调研,统计分析了江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施现状,包括建设数量、建设规模、处理工艺、运维模式、经费来源等,探讨了江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施存在的问题并提出建议。结果表明：目前江苏省太湖流域农村生活污水处理设施以中小规模(<100 t/d)为主,主要采用生物生态耦合处理技术,出水一般执行(GB 18918-2002)《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中的一级B标准,以属地管理的运维模式为主。应加快制订符合江苏省太湖流域的农村生活污水处理设施建设标准,并形成责任主体明确、监管制度完善、资金投入有保障的长效稳定运行体制。     

Farmers as modern-day stewards and the rise of new rural citizenship in the battle over land use

A decade ago, scholars such as Michael Woods suggested that mobilisation in response to development in rural spaces was the result of a redefinition of relations between individuals, communities and the State. This remains true with the rural representing a contested site characterised by debates concerning food and fibre, water and energy security. With the recent deployment of new energy technologies in areas traditionally used for agricultural production, increased confrontation and resistance over land use has forged unlikely alliances between farmers, environmentalists and concerned others, ultimately leading to the rise of a new form of rural citizenship. In the Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) where resistance to burgeoning coal seam gas operations has become the customary response of many rural communities, environmentalists and concerned others are mobilising in support of farmers, who self-identify as modern-day stewards and are actively working to protect a resource hierarchy of water, land and soil against industries believed to be putting these at risk. Adopting a qualitative case-study approach, this paper examines how residents and supporters in the regional Shire of Narrabri in NSW have responded to what many see as competing land uses. We argue that values traditionally associated with stewardship and rurality are being revalorised by citizens to actively oppose the visions of the State, which seek to prioritise extractive development over other alternate futures. We contend that this rise in rural relations represents a significant shift in the notion of citizens as “inhabitants” and presents a new and enduring form of agency.