中国大都市区域的城乡协调发展研究 --以浙江省宁波市为例

工业化与城市化是伴生的,工业化对城市化有促进作用,工业化的发展阶段不同,城市的规模和结构也不一样,城乡关系也会因为工业化的演进而演变。随着城市的扩张,城乡之间的关系将从二元结构向城乡转型直至城乡融合阶段演变。在不同的阶段,要素流在城乡之间呈现不同的流向,对城乡的发展也起着不同的作用,同时还会影响到产业的地域分布。本文从处于工业化中期阶段的宁波市特殊的区位和区域环境出发,分析了宁波市的城乡发展格局,指出宁波市城乡之间存在着分工不明确、产业竞争严重等问题,尤其是平面化的城镇体系严重影响其中心城市功能的发挥。针对存在的问题,文中提出将宁波市建设成为长三角最大的后勤中心、提升中心城区的功能和产业结构、农村城镇之间实行网络化发展、以及用工业化理念来经营农业等对策和措施。     

Farming and Landscape Management: How French Farmers are Coping with the Ecologization of Their Activities

In Europe, an increasing share of public subsidies for food production is being transferred towards the production of goods and environmental services. Today, farmers hesitate between the quest for technical and economic performance, which has been the paradigm of their professional activities since the 1960s, on one hand, and taking account of the environmental concerns that have been imposed since the middle of the 80s, on the other. Is it possible for farmers to continue to work according to the paradigm of the producer of agri-food goods, and how do they react to the ecologization of their activities? In this paper, we will see the difficulties and sources of tension induced by landscape maintenance in the daily professional practice of the farmers. We will see that the professional identity of the farmers is profoundly brought into question by these changes (substitution of strictly “agricultural issues” by more general concerns such as “rural issues,” substitution of the farmer by the “ecologized” peasant...). The topic of landscape reveals social strains between farmers. It also raises the question of the legitimacy of farmers to define the sense of their activities by themselves. Finally we will see that environmental orientations do not systematically open up new prospects for all farmers; they sometimes contribute to increase the inequalities between farmers (financial support proportional to land property, marginalization of farmers who are less socially integrated...).     

基于多因素的我国城乡收入差距实证分析

本文从宏观经济学“收入=消费＋储蓄”这个恒等式和我国经济、人口的相关数据,动态上测算出不同时期我国城市居民和农村居民的收入,总体上估计了我国城乡收入差距的大小,其结果更接近当前我国社会的现实。由此可以看出我国城乡收入差距将有不断扩大的必然趋势。本文进一步把城乡收入差距分解为消费差距和储蓄差距,并且考察了我国人口和产业的演进,分析了它们各自对现在和今后形成差距的影响,表明我国城乡收入差距不断扩大的原因是：城乡资源占有不均等的制度和由于制度原因形成的存量资产（储蓄）又在市场作用下继续拉大差距的双重因素。所以,政府不仅要使农民“减负”、“增收”,而且要运用法律、财政、税收等手段,多管齐下,改变目前的资源分配格局,方能解决“三农”问题之痼疾。     

Foliar Phenolics in Sugar Maple (Acer Saccharum) as a Potential Indicator of Tropospheric Ozone Pollution

Tropospheric O₃ has been implicated in the declining health of forest ecosystems in Europe and North America and has been shown to have negative consequences on human health. We have measured tropospheric ozone (O₃) in the lower canopy through the use of passive monitors located in five woodlots along a 150 km urban–rural transect, originating in the large urban complex of Toronto, Canada. We also sampled foliage from 10 mature sugar maple trees in each woodlot and measured the concentration of a number of phenolic compounds and macronutrients. O₃ concentrations were highest in the two rural woodlots, located approximately 150 km downwind of Toronto, when compared to the woodlots found within the Greater Toronto Area. Foliar concentrations of three flavonoids, avicularin, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin, were significantly greater and nitrogen concentrations significantly lower at these same rural woodlots, suggesting some physiological disruption is occurring in those sites where exposure to tropospheric O₃ is greater. We suggest that foliar phenolics of sugar maple may be a biochemical indicator of tropospheric ozone exposure.     

发展循环经济是农村城镇化环境保护的必然抉择

农村城镇化在给农村经济带来繁荣和发展的同时，也带来了外部不经济问题。伴随着农村城镇化进程的加快，农村及城镇环境污染越来越严重。要协调好城镇发展与环境保护问题就必须发展循环经济，在城镇建立起企业内部清洁生产、企业间生态工业园区、工农业的多级生态链接、社会循环利用四个层次的循环模式，实现经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

云南农村环境问题及其保护初探

针对云南农村环境现状展开了调查研究,对农村环境存在的主要问题和产生原因进行了分析,提出了相应的整治措施和对策。     

Adapting the Speciation of the VOCs Emission Inventory in the Greater Athens Area

An adaptation procedure of a new emission inventory of theGreater Athens Area is attempted, based on a sensitivityanalysis on the treatment of the VOC emissions. Throughthis procedure the impact that a more detailed treatment ofthe VOCs emissions might have on the atmospheric chemistrysimulations, is examined. For this analysis three differentchemical mechanisms were applied for two differentlocations (urban and city plume) with different VOC andNO_x mixture characteristics. Finally, this studyrecommends new carbon fractions, reflecting the localconditions in Athens basin.     

WATER QUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL,URBAN, AND MIXED LAND USE WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Water quality and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution are important issues in many areas of the world, including the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky where urban development is changing formerly rural watersheds into urban and mixed use watersheds. In watersheds where land use is mixed, the relative contributions of NPS pollution from rural and urban land uses can be difficult to separate. To better understand NPS pollution sources in mixed use watersheds, surface water samples were taken at three sites that varied in land use to examine the effect of land use on water quality. Within the group of three watersheds, one was predominately agriculture (Agricultural), one was predominately urban (Urban), and a third had relatively equal representation of both types of land uses (Mixed). Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, pH, temperature, and streamflow were measured for one year. Comparisons are made among watersheds for concentration and fluxes of water quality parameters. Nitrate and orthophosphate concentrations were found to be significantly higher in the Agricultural watershed. Total suspended solids, turbidity, temperature, and pH, were found to be generally higher in the Urban and Mixed watersheds. No differences were found for streamflow (per unit area), total phosphorus, and ammonium concentrations among watersheds. Fluxes of orthophosphate were greater in the Agricultural watershed that in the Urban watershed while fluxes of TSS were greater in the Mixed watershed when compared to the Agricultural watershed. Fluxes of nitrate, ammonium, and total phosphorus did not vary among watersheds. It is apparent from the data that Agricultural land uses are generally a greater source of nutrients than the Urban land uses while Urban land uses are generally a greater source of suspended sediment.     

北方半干旱黄土丘陵区的农村能源建设

“七·五”期间，宁夏西吉县是半干旱黄土丘陵区域农村能源综合建设试点县．多年的综合建设有效地缓解了农村能源紧缺，促进了农村经济的发展．本文通过综合建设的后效应跟踪调查结果表明，在市场经济条件下，农村经济的发展已走向了不同层次，认为今后农村能源建设的基本路子应分三步走，逐步使农村能源真正成为产业，其生产、供应、服务均实现现代化．     

新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（一）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。