漂浮植物塘处理农村分散生活污水的应用

通过现场实验评价了漂浮植物塘配合化粪池处理农村分散生活污水的效果。实验结果表明,漂浮植物有效地抑制了污染水体中藻类的生长;在平均水力停留时间为36 d,COD、TN、TP平均污染负荷分别为3.1、0.86和0.056 g/(m2.d)的条件下,大薸塘对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为68.5%、89.9%和85.2%,出水COD、TN和TP平均浓度分别为47、4.15和0.40 mg/L,达到GB18918-2002中的一级A标准。在水乡地区利用漂浮植物与农村宅河构造漂浮植物处理系统,是一种深度处理化粪池出水、控制农村生活污水对河道造成污染的有效措施。     

Avoiding Re‐Inventing the Wheel in a People‐Centered Approach to REDD+

One important debate regarding Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in developing countries concerns the manner in which its implementation might affect local and indigenous communities. New ways to implement this mechanism without harming the interests of local communities are emerging. To inform this debate, we conducted a qualitative research synthesis to identify best practices (BPs) from people‐centered approaches to conservation and rural development, developed indicators of BPs, and invited development practitioners and researchers in the field to assess how the identified BPs are being adopted by community‐level REDD+ projects in Latin America. BPs included: local participation in all phases of the project; project supported by a decentralized forest governance framework; project objectives matching community livelihood priorities; project addressing community development needs and expectations; project enhancing stakeholder collaboration and consensus building; project applying an adaptive management approach; and project developing national and local capacities. Most of the BPs were part of the evaluated projects. However, limitations of some of the projects related to decentralized forest governance, matching project objectives with community livelihood priorities, and addressing community development needs. Adaptive management and free and prior informed consent have been largely overlooked. These limitations could be addressed by integrating conservation outcomes and alternative livelihoods into longer‐term community development goals, testing nested forest governance approaches in which national policies support local institutions for forest management, gaining a better understanding of the factors that will make REDD+ more acceptable to local communities, and applying an adaptive management approach that allows for social learning and capacity building of relevant stakeholders. Our study provides a framework of BPs and indicators that could be used by stakeholders to improve REDD+ project design, monitoring, and evaluation, which may help reconcile national initiatives and local interests without reinventing the wheel. Evitar la Reinvención de la Rueda en un Acercamiento a REDD+ Centrado en Personas     

Spatial planning and changing landscapes: a failure of policy in peri-urban Victoria,Australia

Building on the scientific literature, this article first summarises the socio-environmental impacts of land-use change expected to occur in high amenity Australian peri-urban areas, involving in particular, the effects of land development on agriculture, biodiversity, landscape character, bushfire risk and social factors. Second, the current spatial planning framework and its distribution in seven municipalities in Victoria, Australia, is critically analysed, and records of approved planning permits are related to this framework to assess the challenges posed by peri-urban growth. We argue that the current planning framework supports a static approach which does not address foreseen challenges and lacks strategic power. Both the strategic framework and the development approval process lead to unanticipated, cumulative impacts and contestation. A more coordinated, less urban-centric approach to planning and the introduction of rural land-use plans would substantially address some of the issues encountered.     

化粪池排口处土壤对典型农户生活污水氮素污染物的消减测算研究

原位采集太湖流域平原河网地区典型农户化粪池排口处的表层土壤及化粪池出水,人工模拟研究区域的典型降水(夏季30 mm·次-1、冬季5 mm·次-1)、气温(夏季27℃、冬季5℃)条件以及排污负荷进行室内模拟土柱实验,测算不同季节、不同天气过程(雨前7 d、雨天3 d、雨后7 d)化粪池排口处土壤对农村生活污水氮素污染物的消减率/增加率,并探讨其消减增加规律.结果表明,排污口土壤TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率均存在显著的季节性差异(P<0.05);夏季TN消减率、NO-3-N增加率在不同天气过程(雨前、雨天、雨后)存在显著差异(P<0.01),而夏季NH+4-N消减率和冬季TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率则无显著差异(P>0.05);因此,TN、NH+4-N消减率和NO-3-N增加率均需按季节进行划分,夏季TN消减率、NO-3-N增加率还需按天气过程进行划分,夏季雨前、雨天、雨后分别为38.5%、-25.0%、46.0%和478.1%、913.8%、382.0%,而夏季NH+4-N消减率和冬季TN、NH+4-N消减率、NO-3-N增加率则无需按天气过程进行划分,分别为91.5%、50.4%、85.5%和276.0%;夏季雨前、雨天及雨后TN消减率与NH+4-N消减率不相关,但与NO-3-N增加率呈显著负相关,冬季土壤中TN的稳定蓄积是冬季雨前、雨天及雨后TN消减率无显著性差异并保持较高水平的重要原因,且其与NH+4-N在土壤中的稳定蓄积密切相关.     

北方农村垃圾现状调查及处置体系研究

为解决农村垃圾处置问题,以沈阳市东陵区某村为研究对象,对农村垃圾的组成、收集、治理情况进行了较为详尽的调查,并针对农村垃圾处置存在的问题进行了分析,提出了适合北方农村垃圾处置的相关对策和措施。     

中国农村生活垃圾处理模式研究

文章主要对农村生活垃圾来源、分类以及产生强度等方面进行阐述,结合中国农村实际村情,从降低生活垃圾污染、保护生态环境,实现农村生活垃圾的资源化、减量化、无害化角度开展研究,在分析农村生活垃圾收运处理现状并结合不同村情的前提下,提出了“村集-镇运-县（区）处理三级式处理模式”、“混合投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”、“分类投放-分类收集处理的组合模式”。     

基于多中心治理理论的农村环境污染防治对策

由于过度重视经济指标及政府环境治理方式的局限,中国农村环境污染越来越严重,为此,本文在分析中国农村环境污染现状的基础上,运用多中心治理理论,从政府、市场、社群组织及农民意识等角度,探讨了农村环境污染的原因,并从多中心治理视角提出了中国农村环境污染防治的对策,这些对策包括转换政府角色,发挥市场机制的支持作用,完善社群组织在环境污染治理中的作用,及强化农民环境污染治理的参与意识等。提出的污染防治对策可为社会主义新农村建设时期的环境污染治理工作提供参考。     

农村环境污染治理机制的研究进展

环境保护治理机制是解决环境问题的基础,目前我国农村环境问题日益突出,根本原因在于农村环境保护治理机制尚不完善。通过对农村环境保护的理论研究和实践运用进行归纳,探寻适合我国农村环境治理和保护的理论和方案,构建较为完善的农村环保新机制,为农村环保工作提供参考。     

农村环境连片整治的模式和技术研究——以新疆为例

文章以农村生活污染-生活垃圾、生活污水、畜禽粪便为分析对象,在传统的村庄划分的基础上（划分为远郊村和近郊村）,根据新疆独特的自然环境、村庄分布和经济状况,又将远郊村划分为远郊村中近邻村、远郊村中的散落村两种形式,并针对不同类型的村庄特点,提出了农村生活污染连片整治的模式及技术,为新疆各地农村环境保护工作提供了依据,也为农村环境连片整治工作的进一步推进奠定了基础。     

哈尔滨市农村生态环境污染防治对策

农村生态环境保护与建设是建设生态文明的重要组成部分,也是重要基础工作。随着农村经济发展,城镇化进程的不断加深,农村的生态环境保护面临巨大压力。为进一步解析哈尔滨市农村污染现状、发展态势和目前存在的问题,阐明了哈尔滨市农村污染防治的意义与必要性,文章在调研当前哈尔滨市农村生态环境存在的问题基础上,对农村面源污染产生的生态环境破坏进行了深入的研究,在充分利用当前国家加大农村环境建设投入的有利机遇基础上,提出了哈尔滨市农村生态环境污染相应的防治对策,为哈尔滨市农村生态文明建设和农村环境保护提供借鉴和参考。