大庆农村的生态环境问题及对策

随着农村经济的发展,农村环境污染和生态破坏问题日益突出,农药、化肥、农膜污染加剧,秸秆焚烧、污水灌溉和养殖业污染日趋严重,乡镇工业污染蔓延,农业生态系统退化,植被破坏、土地退化严重.由于城乡二元结构的存在,城市向农村地区转移污染,公共财政和转移支付中未考虑农村污染治理问题,配套措施不完善,加之农村地区居民公众参与意识薄弱,已成为影响新农村建设的重要障碍.本文着重分析了大庆农村生态环境问题及原因,并提出了一些具体的对策和建议.     

江苏省海门县农村生态环境评价方法

本文采用层次分析结构模型为基础的综合评价方法，通过１０名专家对３６个指标的评分，对江苏省海门县１９９０年的农村生态环境进行了定量评价。结果表明，由于狠抓了农村生态环境综合治理，与１９８６年相比，虽然乡镇工业有了很大的发展，但农村生态环境总体上没有恶化的趋势。     

Conservation Value of Clustered Housing Developments

Abstract:  Traditionally, exurban lands in Colorado have been subdivided into a grid of parcels ranging from 2 to 16 ha. From an ecological perspective, this dispersed pattern of development effectively maximizes the individual influence of each home on the land. Clustered housing developments, designed to maximize open space, are assumed to benefit plant and wildlife communities of conservation interest. They have become a popular alternative for rural development despite the lack of empirical evidence demonstrating their conservation benefits. To better inform rural land-use planning, we evaluated clustered housing developments by comparing their spatial pattern with that of dispersed housing developments and by comparing their conservation value with that of both dispersed housing developments and undeveloped areas in Boulder County, Colorado. We used four indicators to assess conservation value: (1) densities of songbirds, (2) nest density and survival of ground-nesting birds, (3) presence of mammals, and (4) percent cover and proportion of native and non-native plant species. Clustered and dispersed housing developments did not differ on the majority of variables we examined. Both types of housing development had significantly higher densities of non-native and human-commensal species and significantly lower densities of native and human-sensitive species than undeveloped areas. More rigorous ecological guidelines and planning on a regional scale may help create clustered developments with higher conservation value.     

加强农村环境保护工作

本文根据党的十三届八中全会《关于加强农业和农村工作的决定》为农村经济发展所提出的新的目标和任务，结合农村经济发展给环境所带来的压力，分析了９０年代我国农村的环境形势，指出了加强我国农村的环境保护工作是农村经济发展的客观要求，我们应该适应这种要求，加强农村的环境保护工作。通过对农村生态环境和自然资源受到破坏并受到工、农业生产污染的情况分析，指出了我国农村的环境形势不容乐观，必须从现在起就给予足够的重视。为解决农村的环境问题，文中也提出了基本的对策和措施。     

发展有机食品生产 保护农村生态环境

有机食品生产在全球蓬勃发展，发展大连有机食品生产，建设大连有机食品的基地，对发展大连可持续农业，保护大连农村生态环境意义重大。评议中谈及到大连市发展有机食品生产基地的必要性和可能性等方面。     

新农村环境信息公开问题及对策研究

环境信息作为一种新的环境管理手段,在新农村新环境建设中有着积极的作用和意义.造成农村环境问题日益恶化的重要原因是农村环境信息公开工作的严重缺位,使得相关环境信息得不到全面收集和法定公开.农村居民及相关部门不了解农村有哪些环境问题,这些环境问题有什么危害,因而意识不到它的严重性,没有进行环境保护的压力和动力.区(县)级环境保护管理部门应向各乡(镇)、村派出环保专员,作为农村环境信息公开的主体,农村集体经济组织中选举出环保代表,协助环保专员进行环境信息公开.农村环境信息公开工作的长期有效开展需要一套完善的保障机制.     

南涧县村镇环境问题初探

南涧县村镇环境存在生活污染、农业二次污染和乡镇企业污染严重,生态环境恶化等问题.应在建立健全乡镇环境保护助理员制度,加强基础设施建设的同时加强对乡镇企业的规划,调整产业和产品结构,坚持环评制度,改善农村能源结构.     

Problems of Rural Migrant Workers and Policies in the New Period of Urbanization

The huge migration of rural workers has new characteristics such as the bad order, high degree of concentration, low level of collective action, marginality in social status, unfair treatment, difficult integration of the new generation, and the new return trend of rural migrants, which causes ＇urban diseases＇ in China. Countermeasures should be taken to develop medium-sized and small cities, integrate the labor market of the city and countryside, provide necessary public services, social security and vocational training, guide the rural migrant workers to return rationally, and help the new generation live in harmony with urban residents.     

新农保能促进农户土地流转吗?——基于CHARLS三期面板数据

基于2011年、2013年和2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）数据库,构建了三期具备农村户口且拥有耕地的微观农户 面板数据,采用固定效应模型实证分析我国农村老龄化问题背景下新农保能否促进农户土地流转。研究发现：（1）2015年中国耕地的平均转出率和转入率仅为14%和6%,2011-2015年中国耕地呈现转出率逐年递增、转入率逐年递减的趋势,凸显中国耕地出现集聚现象。（2）中国土地流转行为区域差异性明显,耕地转出率顺序为：东北地区>东部地区>中部地区>西北地区>西南地区;耕地转入率除西北地区较高外（2015年为9%）,其余各区均在5%左右。（3）新型农村社会养老保险能够促进60岁以上老年农户的耕地转出。政策启示是：提高农村养老保险水平以弱化土地的养老保障功能,进而促进农村土地流转;完善耕地集聚化背景下的土地管理制度,培育一批具有带头作用的新型农民;发展区域差异化的农村耕地管理政策,首先重点针对土地流转潜力大的地区推行土地流转交易。     

Human use and conservation planning in Alpine areas of Northwestern Yunnan,China

Alpine areas in northwestern Yunnan, China possess globally significant levels of biodiversity and are important locally for livelihood activities such as livestock grazing and medicinal plant collection. Because local land use has important impacts on alpine conditions and communities have significant capacity to manage alpine resources, we emphasized local collaboration during the initial stages of conservation planning. Our collaboration with local communities investigated how livelihood strategies affect the condition of alpine resources in northwestern Yunnan and how future conservation efforts can be compatible with local livelihoods. We sampled three livestock herding sites, each within a different alpine sub-region, using open-ended interviews and maximum variation sampling. According to interviewees, livestock grazing within the alpine zone currently does not appear to be negatively impacting the availability of forage. Medicinal plant collection, however, is showing unsustainable trends. Tourism is as yet a nascent industry, but is seen as having great potential by those interviewed. It is clear that with increases in population, access to regional markets, and tourism, northwestern Yunnan’s rich alpine resources will require careful management. In addition to the data collected, we found that the methodology used may be widely applicable to organizations with limited resources that wish to engage local communities during the formative stages of regional-level conservation planning.