平原地区洪灾风险评价的GIS方法研究 --以荆州6县市为例

平原地区因地势低平。水网发达而常遭到洪水的威胁。这种威胁既有来自过境洪水的洪灾．也有来自本地因暴雨引起的涝灾。如何考虑它们两者的相互影响以及洪水灾害的自然与社会经济属性，进行洪水风险评价是一个比较困难的问题。在地理信息系统软件ArcGIS8．1支持下，既考虑过境洪水与本地涝灾，也考虑承灾体的易损性(包括人口、交通线与经济)，还考虑抗灾能力，以GRID模块的地图代数作为运算手段，用AHP法确定因子的权重，建立了评估平原地区的洪灾风险的计算模型和评价方法，该模型运用于长江中游洪灾风险比较严重的地区——荆州地区的6县市．取得了比较好的效果。     

中国乡村发展面临的挑战与长期性管理策略

分析研究了当前我国乡村发展所面临的严峻的挑战性问题，如乡村非农化进程停滞，城乡差异扩大带来的问题等；尤其是乡村生态破坏和环境污染危及到农业生产环境的安全和城乡居民的生存基础的情况，指出21世纪中国乡村发展相当迫切而艰巨；在可持续发展思想的框架下，提出了长期性管理策略，即类型管理、目标管理、乡村制度性投入的管理模式，并考虑了实现乡村可持续发展的制度创新与保障问题；随后针对乡村发展管理，构想了实施对策：即，1）积极推进城市化，缩减乡村人口总量；2）开展农业行业标准的制定和修订工作；3）推进乡村产业的科技创新步伐；4）强化生态环境观念，实行空间开发管制、尤其是生态脆弱地区。此外还需强调环境教育机制和广泛的公众参与机制。     

湖沼钉螺孳生环境分布的遥感调查研究

以试验区不同环境类型洲滩钉螺螺情与环境因子进行了调查分析，利用遥感图像编制地貌类型图，土壤类型图和土地利用类型图，在地理相关分析与主导因素分析基础上采取多图件逐步套合方法，以土地利用类型图为主，结合地面钉螺抽样调查和钉螺被动扩散等非遥感信息进行多信息复合，编制了试验区钉螺孳生环境分布图。     

苜蓿对土壤生态环境的影响

本文论述了黑龙港低平原缺水盐渍地区苜蓿对土壤结构、土壤水分、养分和盐分的影响。苜蓿对改善土壤生态环境,实现草地生态系统良性循环,起着重要作用。     

中国城乡劳动力就业中的互动机制研究

本文分析了我国城乡劳动力就业过程中相互作用及影响机制 ,阐释两种不同劳动力群体的“竞争—互补关系” ,区分了两类劳动力群体之间的特征差异 ,通过对他们之间相互作用机制的研究 ,全面展示了二者的竞争—互补关系 ,并进一步分析了当前制约劳动力充分流动的因素。在此基础上 ,提出今后增进城乡劳动力良性互动的政策思路     

农村水环境保护与经济可持续发展

我国的生态环境问题 ,如水土流失、草场退化、沙漠化、盐渍化等问题 ,归根到底还是农村水环境问题。本文分析了农村水环境保护、高效利用水资源的紧迫性 ,以及影响农村生态系统可持续性的因素和保护、改善农村水环境的主要措施 ;认为加强农村水环境保护及其持续发展能力的建设是我国整个社会特别是农村经济可持续发展的基本保障     

Rethinking the contribution of indigenous management in small-scale water provision among selected rural communities in Cameroon

This paper describes the pro-active role of rural communities in negotiating livelihood and sustenance through the improvement of some of their local water sources. It discusses the strategies put in place to ensure the availability of water, one of the worlds scarcest natural resources. Despite some external assistance, local communities are increasingly shouldering the responsibility of ensuring the availability of water through self-reliant efforts. These attempts are being undermined by a high incidence of waterborne and water-related diseases, which are impacting on health, and hygiene and other health care delivery systems. The management of potable water is proving to be a herculean task for most communities after the departure of funding partners. To guarantee the proper maintenance of pipe borne water schemes, communities are rethinking their strategies as they grapple with difficulties to put in place viable techniques for sustainability of water supply schemes.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Air pollution and young children's inhalation exposure to organophosphorus pesticide in an agricultural community in Japan

Assessment of airborne organophosphorus pesticides in houses of young children (1-6 years old) and childcare facilities was conducted following pesticide applications in an agricultural community in Japan. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion, applied in two separate periods, were frequently detected from outdoor and indoor air. Dichlorvos, the primary degradation product of trichlorfon, was also detected after the application of trichlorfon. Both the outdoors and indoor concentration of applied pesticide were shown to increase with decreasing distance from the pesticide-applied farm. Indoor concentration of these pesticides significantly correlated with outdoor concentration (p=0.001 for trichlorfon and p=0.001 for fenitrothion), indicating infiltration of applied pesticide inside. Ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) of fenitrothion was higher for houses with windows open during the application than those with closed windows (median value: 0.74 vs. 0.16, p=0.003). However, a similar trend was not observed for trichlorfon as well as dichlorvos in the first period. Dichlorvos was found to have a higher I/O ratio than trichlorfon during the period, and clear correlation between indoor concentrations of dichlorvos and those of trichlorfon suggested increased decomposition of trichlorfon in the indoor environment. Daily inhalation exposure estimated by using the fixed measurement data and time-activity questionnaire ranged from 0 to 35 ng/kg/day for trichlorfon, from 0 to 26 ng/kg/day for dichlorvos, and from 0 to 44 ng/kg/day for fenitrothion. Median inhalation exposure from indoor air accounted for 74%, 86.3%, and 45% of the daily inhalation exposure, respectively. For kindergarteners or nursery school children, inhalation exposure at childcare facilities was comparable with or more than that at home, indicating that pollution level at childcare facilities had potential of high impact on children's exposure. Estimated daily inhalation exposures were inversely correlated to the proximity of their activity location to the pesticide-applied farm.     

Public Participation and Effective Water Governance at the Local Level: A Case Study from a Small Under-Developed Area in Chile

The concept of participation in rural development has been evolutionary for the past two decades with those involved, such as development agencies and governments, particularly in rural water supply, re-evaluating their active role. The move towards effective community participation has encouraged a shift from the traditional top-down to a bottom-up approach whereby there is a decentralisation of unevenly distributed resources and power to empower a community and allow mobility of ‘people participation’. The Molinos water project is the first large-scale development project of its kind introduced into the village of Molinos in an under-developed area of Chile, where there has been no tradition of people participation. The project objective was to implement a low technology, low budget water treatment plant to the village of Molinos. Various aspects have hindered the continued development of the project including both technical and financial. In terms of people participation, the initial approach used was the top-down approach. There was a failure to fully integrate the community or inform the community in a formal manner about the project and consult them regarding key project issues. This case study illustrates that the lack of comprehensive consultation and the low level of participation of the community on the participatory scale does not achieve much in terms of people-centred benefits. For governance at the local level to be effective, participation should be inclusive and communicative so as to enhance transparency throughout the project lifetime. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布监测法

查清中低产田的面积、分布与开发条件是制定农业综台开发规划的重要依据。采用按公里网布设的农业资源动态监测系统,开展对耕地不同产量水平的面积与分布的动态监测,其方法具有准确、简便和实用的特点。