东北松嫩典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀沿坡长变化规律及其对土壤质量的影响

东北黑土区,尤其是农垦地区,是我国重要的粮食生产基地。土壤侵蚀导致耕地质量严重退化,威胁粮食安全。选取克山农场坡长为1020 m的直型坡、凹型坡和凹—直复合型坡耕地,利用¹³⁷Cs示踪技术估算坡面土壤侵蚀模数,测定土壤有机碳作为耕地土壤质量参数,揭示典型黑土区长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度沿坡长变化规律及耕地土壤质量参数的响应。结果表明：（1）不同坡形长缓坡耕地土壤侵蚀差异显著,直型坡多年平均侵蚀速率（3040 t·km^-2·a^-1）<复合型坡（3395 t·km^-2·a^-1）<凹型坡（4220 t·km^-2·a^-1）。（2）直型坡、凹型坡、凹—直复合型坡均呈现出侵蚀强—弱周期性变化规律,其振荡周期分别为380 m、250 m和300 m。（3）土壤有机碳含量与土壤侵蚀速率呈极显著负相关关系,其沿坡长变化规律与土壤侵蚀速率沿坡长变化规律相反。土壤侵蚀是造成黑土坡耕地土壤质量退化的直接原因,研究结果可为黑土长缓坡耕地水土保持措施的精准布设及土壤养分管理提供理论支持。     

军曹鱼养殖水体及其肠道异养细菌的耐药性研究

选用常用的15种抗生素,通过纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法,简称K-B法),参照NCCLS抗生素敏感试验操作标准,并以金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923和大肠埃希菌Esсheriсhia coli ATCC25922为质控菌株,对周年监测分离自养殖军曹鱼水体及肠道的188株优势菌(包含9个菌属)进行了药物敏感性研究.结果显示,抑菌最强的是环丙沙星(耐药率为0),其次是氯霉素、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素、多粘菌素B、复方新诺明,耐药率均小于40%;抑菌效果最差的依次为羧苄青霉素、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、痢特灵、利福平,耐药率均在40%以上,其中多重耐药的菌株(对4种或4种以上抗生素产生耐药性)共12株,包括水体菌9株和肠道菌3株.     

Towards a control model for the highly cybernetic farming ecosystems

Abstract

A dynamic model based on the linear systems theory is developed in designing a highly cybernetic farming strategy to efficiently manage residuals generated in farm ecosystems. A linear cybernetic model would be used to describe the dynamic behavior of resource flow in the farm ecosystem in which the state variables are resource quantities, and the control variables are residual quantities. The controlled process is defined as the controlled management strategy change. Cybernetic mechanism shows the application of residuals as control measures have determinate effects on the controlled process as along as the farming system is observable and controllable in the control sense. To illustrate the model algorithm the idea is applied to simulate the dynamic response of residual phosphorus concentrations in an integrated pig/corn farming system located in the south Taiwan region. General results show that the residual phosphorous concentration is influenced by farming activities which are controlled by a system of gross input and net output parameters. This paper demonstrates using input‐output analysis technique that residuals generated in the farming system is the most important cybernetic variable, so that the proper management of residuals alone has the potential to maintain future productivity and sustainability.     

Effects of herbicide stress on wheat cultivars from organic and conventional cropping systems

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown from seeds produced in “organic”; (non‐chemical) and “conventional”; cropping systems are characterized by a) similar rates of root and shoot growth, b) equal sensitivity to phytotoxicity by the herbicide glyphosate, and c) equivalent basal activity of the enzyme glutathione S‐transferase (both in the roots and in the shoots). In addition, treatment of these seedlings with glyphosate leads to significantly higher contents of this enzyme both in the shoots and in the roots. However, time‐course and dose‐response investigations indicate significant differences in the induction pattern of glutathione S‐transferase: the response of “conventional”; wheat seedlings takes place earlier and with higher efficiency, than that of the “organic”; ones.     

川滇农牧交错区地形特征对土地利用空间格局的影响

川滇农牧交错区位于我国青藏高原的东南缘,地形地貌特征复杂,研究该区土地利用特征与地形之间的关系,有助于了解人类开发活动与自然地理条件之间的关系,对区域的资源开发和生态保护具有重要的现实意义。基于RS＼GIS技术,采用遥感调查、土地利用结构分析和GIS空间分析方法,研究了该区 1988～2000年的土地利用特征,以及不同土地利用类型的空间分布与地形因子之间的关系。初步结果发现：耕地、林地和草地是研究区内受人类活动影响的主要土地类型,也是类型转换相对频繁的土地类型;地形因子对不同土地利用类型的空间分布具有显著影响,其中,海拔在垂直方向上对土地利用空间布局具有控制性作用。研究结果同时表明,地形特征是川滇农牧交错区土地利用空间格局形成的基础,其原因在于地形因子通过影响水热条件及其他自然资源要素在本区内的再分配,进而影响着人类对土地资源的利用方式和利用程度.     

南水北调东线工程东平湖水质受水产养殖业影响分析

按照国家南水北调水质的要求,以东平湖实际情况为依据,分析水产养殖业对东平湖水质影响。