光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理R盐废水的研究

采用光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理生物难降解的R盐废水,考察了不同反应条件对处理效果的影响.试验结果表明,光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理废水,两者之间存在协同作用,可以提高处理效果,降低处理成本.在最佳试验条件下,R盐废水经光助Fenton氧化、化学絮凝法联合处理后,COD去除率可达90%以上.     

工业循环经济发展区域分异研究--以江苏省为例

依据工业循环经济发展的基本原则,构建了包括产业及社会发展、资源减量、循环利用、污染减排、资源与环境安全五类指标在内的区域工业循环经济发展评价指标体系.运用AHP(层次分析法)方法,测算了指标权重,并以江苏省13个地级市为例进行了研究.用2003年的数据,对13个地级市的工业循环经济发展状况进行了评价.研究结果表明,江苏省13个地级市的工业循环经济发展水平可以分为四个层次,第一层次(水平良好)的城市为无锡、苏州、常州;第二层次(水平中上)的城市为盐城、南通、泰州;第三层次(水平中等)的城市为扬州、镇江、徐州、南京、连云港;第四层次(水平较差)的城市为淮安、宿迁.从总体上看,南部好于北部,东部好于西部,沿江沿海地区要好于内陆地区,靠近工业产业带的地区好于远离工业产业带的地区.     

浙江省环境保护及相关产业现状分析及发展思路

通过对浙江省环境保护及相关产业现状的调查,基本摸清了当前全省环境保护产品、资源综合利用、环境保护服务和洁净产业等4个方面的发展情况,并从规模、地域、产业结构和效益等方面对其当前发展中存在的问题进行了全面分析,找出其发展过程中存在的问题.结合当前浙江"生态省"建设的现状,提出了浙江省环保相关产业发展的对策和思路,为决策和管理部门提供环境保护及相关产业健康快速发展的科学参考.     

Methylmercury and total mercury in estuarine organisms from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay (GB), located in the Rio de Janeiro State, is still a productive estuary on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. It is an ecosystem heavily impacted by organic matter, oil and a number of other toxic compounds, including Hg. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the aquatic total mercury (THg) and MeHg contamination, and the ratios of MeHg to THg (% MeHg), in 3 species of marine organisms, Micropogonias furnieri-carnivorous fish (N = 81), Mugil spp.--detritivorous fish (N = 20) and Perna perna--filter-feeding bivalves (N = 190), which are widely consumed by the population. A total of 291 specimens were collected at the bay in different periods between 1988 and 1998. THg concentrations were determined by cold vapour AAS with stannous chloride as a reducing agent. MeHg was extracted by dithizone-benzene and measured by GC-ECD. Analytical quality was checked through certified standards. All organisms presented both low THg and MeHg concentrations and they were below the maximum limit of 1,000 micrograms Hg.kg-1 wet wt. as established for human intake of predatory fish by the new Brazilian legislation. Carnivorous fish showed higher THg and MeHg concentrations, and also % MeHg in muscle tissues, than organisms with other feeding habits and lower trophic levels. The average of THg concentrations in carnivorous fish was 108.9 +/- 58.6 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 61) in 1990 and 199.5 +/- 116.2 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 20) in 1998, but they presented different total length and body weights. The average THg content in detritivorous fish was 15.4 +/- 5.8 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt., whereas THg concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 53.5 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. for the molluscs. The THg and MeHg contents of mussel varied according to the sampling point and water quality. MeHg concentration in detritivorous fish was similar to MeHg concentration in molluscs, but there was a significant difference in the MeHg/THg ratio: the carnivorous fish presented higher MeHg percentages (98%) than the detritivorous fish (54%) and the molluscs (33%). Weight-normalised average concentration of THg in carnivorous fish collected in 1990 (0.18 +/- 0.08 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) and in 1998 (0.16 +/- 0.09 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) presented no significant difference (t = 1.34; P < 0.5). In conclusion, the low THg and MeHg concentrations in the organisms from the GB ecosystem, are related to its eutrophic conditions and elevated amounts of suspended matter. In this situation, Hg could be strongly complexed or adsorbed by the particulate, which would dilute the Hg inputs and reduce its residence time in the water column, with a consequent decrease in its availability to organisms.     

酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响

综述了酸雨对污染环境中重金属化学行为的影响。在酸雨作用下 ,不同环境介质中重金属活性明显增强 ,化学形态转化明显 ,迁移能力和生态危害能力亦明显加强。探讨了控制酸雨发生、重金属污染环境修复技术以及开展复合污染环境化学风险评价的必要性     

有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用

有机物的结构──活性定量关系及其在环境化学和环境毒理学中的应用王飞越（北京大学城市与环境学系，北京１００８７１）陈雁飞（武汉大学环境科学系）最近几十年来，有机物结构──活性定量关系研究（ＱＳＡＲ，ＱｕａｎｔｉｔａｔｉｖｅＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ－Ａｃｔｉｖ...     

Principles and perspectives

BACKGROUND, AIM AND SCOPE: With respect to the enormous increase of chemical production in the last decades and the tens of thousands of individual chemicals on the market, the permanent improvement of chemical management is a permanent target to achieve the goals of sustainable consumption and production set by the WSSD in Johannesburg 2002. MAIN FEATURES: Several approaches exist to describe sustainability of chemistry. However, commonly agreed criteria are still missing. There is no doubt that products of modern chemistry help to achieve important goals of sustainability and that significant improvements have occurred regarding direct releases from production sites, but several facts demonstrate that chemistry is far from being sustainable. Still too many chemicals exhibit hazardous characteristics and pose a risk to health and environment. Too many resources are needed to produce chemicals and finished products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Therefore, a strategy for sustainability of chemistry should be developed which comprises the following main elements: 1. Sustainable chemicals: sustainable chemical management includes a regulatory framework which makes no difference between new and existing chemicals, contains efficient information flow through the supply chain which allows users to handle chemicals safely and offers an authorisation procedure and/or an efficient restriction procedure for substances of high concern. This regulatory scheme should promote the development of inherently safe chemicals. 2. Sustainable chemical production: Sustainable chemical production needs the development and implementation of emerging alternative techniques like selective catalysis, biotechnology in order to release less CO2 and less toxic by-products, to save energy and to achieve higher yields. Information exchange on best available techniques (BAT) and best environmental practices (BEP) may help to promote changes towards more sustainability. 3. Sustainable products: An integrated product policy which provides a framework for sustainable products promotes the development of products with a long-term use phase, low resource demand in production and use, low emission of hazardous substances and properties suitable for reuse and recycling. This may be promoted by eco-labelling, chemical leasing concepts and extended information measures to enhance the demand of consumers and various actors in the supply chain for sustainable products. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Important tools for the promotion of sustainable chemistry are the abolition of barriers for innovation in legislation and within the chemical industry, more transparency for all users of chemical products, a new focus on sustainability in education and research, and a new way of thinking in terms of sustainability.     

桐油水解制备咪唑啉缓蚀剂及其量子化学研究

目的 开发原料价廉易得、能实际应用的缓蚀剂。方法 以桐油为原料,水解后得到桐油酸,然后与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应,生成桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。在模拟现场环境的条件下对所合成的桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂进行电化学测试和高温高压性能评价。利用量子化学计算对桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂的分子动力学进行模拟,探讨其在Fe表面的吸附作用。结果 红外光谱显示,桐油水解后可生成桐油酸,最终合成物为桐油咪唑啉。电化学测试表明,随着桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂添加量的增大,20#测试钢片的自腐蚀电位逐渐提高,腐蚀电流降低。高温高压模拟实验显示,加入油酸咪唑啉后,腐蚀速率明显降低,由0.3181 mm/a降到了0.0392 mm/a。量子化学计算表明,桐油咪唑啉分子中的咪唑啉环会平行吸附于铁表面,形成一层缓蚀剂膜。结论 价廉易得的桐油经水解后可得桐油酸,再与二乙烯三胺经过酰胺化和环化反应最终合成了桐油咪唑啉缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂添加量越大,对20#钢片的缓蚀效果越好,呈现出了较好的缓蚀效果,其分子结构中的咪唑环能平行吸附于铁表面,属于抑制阳极型缓蚀剂。     

中国显示器件行业VOCs排放特征及控制对策

为掌握和了解我国电子行业VOCs的排放特征,以显示器件行业为研究对象,梳理和分析其生产工艺及排污环节;通过典型企业有机废气的实际排放监测,掌握其VOCs排放水平;利用排放因子法,核算了2011-2016年我国显示器件行业VOCs的排放量,分析其排放量的变化趋势及空间分布特征.结果表明:受产量和污染控制效率变化的双重影响,2011-2016年我国显示器件行业VOCs排放量（文中涉及"全国"的各要素范围均未包含港澳台地区）呈先增后降的趋势,2015年达到最大值（15 605 t）,此后在产量增长放缓和污染控制效率提高的作用下,2016年的排放量有所下降;从排放占比来看,显示器件行业无组织VOCs排放占比从2011年的45%升至2016年的53%,车间无组织VOCs逸散,以及废水处理过程、有机原辅料和有机废液储运等环节的VOCs无组织排放是行业污染控制的重点和难点.研究显示,我国显示器件行业VOCs无组织排放量占比逐年上升,为控制未来行业VOCs排放,企业应将无组织排放转化为有组织排放,之后再通过高效的末端处理装置来减少VOCs排放量.      

钢铁行业不同物料的二英生成分布及机理探讨

钢铁行业是我国二噁英的第一大排放源,但对不同钢铁生产过程二英的生成排放认识有所欠缺.本文系统探究了钢铁行业不同物料的二噁英生成能力和同系物分布特征.结果表明,烧结飞灰的二英生成能力最强,而烧结生料生成二噁英能力最弱.3种污泥(连铸、热轧、冷轧)和烧结生料的二英生成途径相似,4种飞灰(电炉、转炉、高炉一次、高炉二次)之间也有相似的二英生成途径,而烧结飞灰则与其他物料均不同.所有物料中,有毒2,3,7,8-PCDD同系物之间存在极强的相关性,且氯酚合成二噁英路径也被发现存在于钢铁生产过程中.