我国再生铅行业的现状、问题和发展对策

我国汽车和电动车保有量的增长,孕育着废铅蓄电池回收和再生铅行业的发展和壮大,也使原生铅行业开始积极回收利用废铅蓄电池。废铅蓄电池属于危险废物,给生态环境和人体健康带来了很大的风险隐患。由于再生铅行业的政策、标准和管理细则不完善,再生铅企业的工艺设备和管理落后,导致我国铅中毒事件时常发生。概述了我国再生铅行业目前的发展状况,详细介绍了以铅膏等含铅废物为原料,通过还原熔炼、火法精炼(或电解精炼)等工序生产再生铅的过程;提出了我国再生铅行业存在的问题,并给出了相应对策。     

A preliminary analysis of the surface chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles in a typical urban area of Beijing

Atmospheric aerosol particle samples were collected using an Ambient Eight Stage(Non-Viable) Cascade Impactor Sampler in a typical urban area of Beijing from 27 th Sep.to 5th Oct.,2009.The surface chemistry of these aerosol particles was analyzed using Static Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static TOF-SIMS).The factors influencing surface compositions were evaluated in conjunction with the air pollution levels,meteorological factors,and air mass transport for the sampling period.The results show that a variety of organic ion groups and inorganic ions/ion groups were accumulated on the surfaces of aerosol particles in urban areas of Beijing;and hydrophobic organic compounds with short-or middle-chain alkyl as well as hydrophilic secondary inorganic compounds were observed.All these compounds have the potential to affect the atmospheric behavior of urban aerosol particles.PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7had similar elements on their surfaces,but some molecules and ionic groups demonstrated differences in Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry spectra.This suggests that the quantities of elements varied between PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7.In particular,more intense research efforts into fluoride pollution are required,because the fluorides on aerosol surfaces have the potential to harm human health.The levels of air pollution had the most significant influence on the surface compositions of aerosol particles in our study.Hence,heavier air pollution was associated with more complex surface compositions on aerosol particles.In addition,wind,rainfall,and air masses from the south also greatly influenced the surface compositions of these urban aerosol particles.     

基于系统动力学的机械制造行业事故危险性综合评价方法研究及应用

为了研究机械制造行业综合危险性,应用系统动力学理论和方法,结合层次分析法(AHP)、预先危险性分析-作业条件危险性评价法(PHA-LEC)、模糊综合评价法以及安全检查表法(SCL)等评价技术,利用仿真技术构造机械行业危险性整体框架,研究机械制造行业突发事故的危险程度,并以"8·2昆山粉尘爆炸事故"作为具体实例,综合评价突发事故的危险性。     

不饱和季铵盐的合成及其聚合物在化工及环保领域的应用

按不饱和基团的类型对不饱和季铵盐进行了分类,并综述了其合成方法。介绍了其聚合物在含油污水处理、抗菌、纺织品、新材料等领域的应用。阐述了在不饱和季铵盐的开发及其聚合物的应用方面存在的问题。指出了今后的发展方向:应该加大科研投入,加快新型不饱和季铵盐的研发进程,特别是在主结构设计、纯度提高以及新型絮凝剂单体的多样性方面,以制备出多功能性的单体和聚合物。     

污染减排全口径核算中有关统计问题的研究

随着污染减排工作的持续推进,经济和环境容量问题的行业基础统计数据变的越来越重要.以“十二五”污染减排核算细则中纺织业、污水处理厂全口径核算为依据,以泉州石狮市纺织业产品产量、废水排放量、区域GDP数据为基础,分析纺织业产品产量与污染物排放量之间的关系,从国家政策、各级行政统计部门、环保统计部门和企业四个不同的角度提出在统计行业产业基础数据时应注意的事项,为污染减排、环境统计和经济协调发展提供指导依据.     

中国化工园区雨排系统环境风险防控研究

雨排系统是化工园区重要的基础设施,如果没有建立有效的环境风险防控体系,污染物有可能通过园区雨排系统排入外环境,造成重大环境影响.目前,中国已出台的有关化工园区雨排系统环境风险防控的政策法规缺少强制性和统一性,监管标准缺失导致环保部门缺乏行之有效的监管手段,园区规划阶段协同机制的不健全也增加了后期监管的难度.鉴于目前中国化工园区雨排系统环境风险防控方面存在的问题,建议国家和地方加快监管标准出台,强化相关政策的落实,优化园区雨排系统,实施分类、分级管控,同时加强企业的监管.     

基于熵权模糊模型的土壤重金属生态风险评价

土壤重金属污染评价对于环境保护策略的制定和民众健康的防护具有重要意义。应用熵权、毒性系数和模糊数学构建了熵权模糊法评价模型,并以陕西省彬长煤化工业区为例,对其土壤重金属富集特征和潜在生态风险进行了评估。结果表明,土壤Cd、Co和Pb质量比较高,空间差异明显,建矿时间较长的工业园区土壤重金属潜在生态风险水平较高。熵权评价显示Cd为主要污染因子(权重为0.566)。模糊综合评价显示,研究区55.7%的样点为轻度污染,24.3%的样点为中度污染,无重污染和严重污染隶属样点。研究区污染程度有由轻度污染向中度污染过度的趋势。与传统污染评价指数相比,熵权法和模糊数学模型的联合应用有助于提高风险评价的准确性。     

Role of Crab Herbivory in Die-Off of New England Salt Marshes

Abstract:  Die-offs of cordgrass are pervasive throughout western Atlantic salt marshes, yet understanding of the mechanisms precipitating these events is limited. We tested whether herbivory by the native crab , Sesarma reticulatum , is generating die-offs of cordgrass that are currently occurring on Cape Cod, Massachusetts (U.S.A.), by manipulating crab access to cordgrass transplanted into die-off areas and healthy vegetation. We surveyed 12 Cape Cod marshes to investigate whether the extent of cordgrass die-off on creek banks, where die-offs are concentrated, was related to local Sesarma grazing intensity and crab density. We then used archived aerial images to examine whether creek bank die-off areas have expanded over the past 2 decades and tested the hypothesis that release from predation, leading to elevated Sesarma densities, is triggering cordgrass die-offs by tethering crabs where die-offs are pervasive and where die-offs have not yet been reported. Intensity of crab grazing on transplanted cordgrass was an order of magnitude higher in die-off areas than in adjacent vegetation. Surveys revealed that Sesarma herbivory has denuded nearly half the creek banks in Cape Cod marshes, and differences in crab-grazing intensity among marshes explained >80% of variation in the extent of the die-offs. Moreover, the rate of die-off expansion and area of marsh affected have more than doubled since 2000. Crab-tethering experiments suggest that release from predation has triggered elevated crab densities that are driving these die-offs, indicating that disruption of predator–prey interactions may be generating the collapse of marsh ecosystems previously thought to be exclusively under bottom-up control .     

Antipoaching standards in onshore hydrocarbon concessions drawn from a Central African case study

Unsustainable hunting outside protected areas is threatening tropical biodiversity worldwide and requires conservationists to engage increasingly in antipoaching activities. Following the example of ecocertified logging companies, we argue that other extractive industries managing large concessions should engage in antipoaching activities as part of their environmental management plans. Onshore hydrocarbon concessions should also adopt antipoaching protocols as a standard because they represent a biodiversity threat comparable to logging. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of small‐ and large‐mammal poaching in an onshore oil concession in Gabon, Central Africa, with a Bayesian occupancy model based on signs of poaching collected from 2010 to 2015 on antipoaching patrols. Patrol locations were initially determined based on local intelligence and past patrol successes (adaptive management) and subsequently with a systematic sampling of the concession. We generated maps of poaching probability in the concession and determined the temporal trends of this threat over 5 years. The spatiotemporal patterns of large‐ and small‐mammal poaching differed throughout the concession, and likely these groups will need different management strategies. By elucidating the relationship between site‐specific sampling effort and detection probability, the Bayesian method allowed us to set goals for future antipoaching patrols. Our results indicate that a combination of systematic sampling and adaptive management data is necessary to infer spatiotemporal patterns with the statistical method we used. On the basis of our case study, we recommend hydrocarbon companies interested in implementing efficient antipoaching activities in their onshore concessions to lay the foundation of long‐needed industry standards by: adequately measuring antipoaching effort; mixing adaptive management and balanced sampling; setting goals for antipoaching effort; pairing patrols with large‐mammal monitoring; supporting antipoaching patrols across the landscape; restricting access to their concessions; performing random searches for bushmeat and mammal products at points of entry; controlling urban and agricultural expansion; supporting bushmeat alternatives; and supporting land‐use planning.     

Considering connections between Hollywood and biodiversity conservation

Cinema offers a substantial opportunity to share messages with a wide audience. However, there is little research or evidence about the potential benefits and risks of cinema for conservation. Given their global reach, cinematic representations could be important in raising awareness of conservation issues and species of concern, as well as encouraging greater audience engagement due to their heightened emotional impact on viewers. Yet there are also risks associated with increased exposure, including heightened visitor pressure to environmentally sensitive areas or changes to consumer demand for endangered species. Conservationists can better understand and engage with the film industry by studying the impact of movies on audience awareness and behavior, identifying measurable impacts on conservation outcomes, and engaging directly with the movie industry, for example, in an advisory capacity. This improved understanding and engagement can harness the industry's potential to enhance the positive impacts of movies featuring species, sites, and issues of conservation concern and to mitigate any negative effects. A robust evidence base for evaluating and planning these engagements, and for informing related policy and management decisions, needs to be built.