钻屑法测定煤层H_2S含量

为了测定煤层硫化氢(H2S)含量,防治矿井H2S涌出,提出一种通过钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量的方法。在未受采动影响的新鲜煤壁,采用钻屑法取样,通过测定煤样H2S解吸量、取样过程损失量和H2S残存量确定煤层H2S含量。根据溶于水中H2S的p H值和色谱分析解吸气体中H2S体积分数,确定H2S解吸量;根据煤样解吸规律和气样H2S体积分数,确定H2S损失量;根据色谱分析残存气体中H2S体积分数,确定其残存量。用此方法,对山西某矿H2S涌出煤层进行现场和实验室测定。研究表明,该矿H2S含量为(4.465~6.701)×10-3m3/t。钻屑法测定煤层H2S含量是可行的,可以为矿井H2S治理提供基础数据。     

不同含水率煤尘在瓦斯爆炸诱导下爆炸传播规律研究

为了探究不同含水率煤尘在瓦斯爆炸诱导下的爆炸传播规律,利用自行搭建的直管瓦斯爆炸诱导煤尘二次爆炸实验系统,从冲击波压力和火焰传播速度2个方面,研究了不同含水率沉积煤尘在瓦斯爆炸诱导下的爆炸传播规律和原因。研究结果表明:当煤尘含水率小于40%时,管道内沉积煤尘会在瓦斯爆炸诱导下产生二次爆炸,同时沉积煤尘总量一定时,沉积煤尘二次爆炸产生的冲击波超压峰值和火焰传播速度随着煤尘含水率的增加先增大后减小;当沉积煤尘含水率为20% 时,煤尘二次爆炸产生的冲击波超压峰值、火焰传播速度峰值达到最大值,分别为1.657 MPa和468.060 m/s;当沉积煤尘含水率大于40%时,沉积煤尘无法产生二次爆炸,此时爆炸产生的威力小于单一瓦斯爆炸,火焰传播速度衰减较无煤尘的瓦斯爆炸更快,沉积煤尘起到抑制瓦斯爆炸传播的作用。研究结果可以为防治煤尘二次爆炸提供理论依据。     

丛枝菌根对盐胁迫的响应及其与宿主植物的互作

丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi,AMF)作为陆地生态系统的组成部分之一,在促进宿主植物对土壤养分和水分的吸收、提高植物生物量生产、调节种群和群落的结构、维持生态系统的稳定性等方面发挥了重要作用。其中,盐渍化是自然生态系统中广泛存在的一种胁迫生境条件,全球盐渍化土地约占耕地总面积的10%,因而探讨AM菌根在此胁迫生境下对宿主植物生长的影响具有重要意义。从以下几个方面,围绕盐胁迫条件、AM菌根和宿主植物三者之间的关系对当前国际上相关领域的研究进展进行了综述:1)AM真菌对盐胁迫的响应,包括菌根共生体形成、菌根侵染率、AM真菌的分布、菌丝体生长发育、孢子的形成和分布等;2)盐胁迫条件下AM菌根对宿主植物的效应,包括AM菌根促进宿主植物对P、N等元素的吸收、降低植物体内Na 的含量、提高光合作用能力,进而提高植物的生物量和对植物的群落结构产生影响等;3)AM菌根提高宿主植物耐盐性的机理,分别从植物根系形态的改变、水分吸收能力的加强、细胞内营养物质的平衡,以及细胞生理代谢的调节等方面对AM菌根促进植物抗盐性的机理进行了剖析。     

模拟酸雨致酸土壤对小麦幼苗生长发育的影响

用模拟酸雨淋洗土壤,造成土壤酸化和盐基流失,然后播种小麦(Triticumaestivum)。幼苗长至5片叶子时的测定表明:幼苗的生物量、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率均降低,次生根减少,根系活动下降。酸化土壤对根系生物量和某些生理活动的影响大于对地上部的影响。     

福建丰产荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的研究

与我国红壤平均水平相比，福建丰产荔枝园土壤有效态锌、钼及水溶态硼含量较高，而活性锰及有效铜含量较低；土壤全锌、锰、钢量亦较低。在土壤ｐＨ４．５４—８．７６时，ｐＨ值与有效态钼含量呈较显著正相关，而与代换态锰、水溶态硼、有效态铁含量呈显著或极显著负相关。本文初步提出福建荔枝园土壤微量元素含量的适宜指标，可供土壤营养诊断及平衡施肥之参考。     

赤红壤的贮水量及其有效性

（１）赤红壤的贮水总量和有效水量的分布有明显的规律性．２—９月占全年的７０％左右，１０月—翌年１月占３０％左右．（２）赤红壤的有效水量占总贮水量的３１％—４４％，土壤肥力高的耕作赤红壤，其有效水量占总贮水量的３６％以上．在年降雨量小于１６００ｍｍ、蒸发量大于１１００ｍｍ的条件下．表土层有效贮水量低于萎蔫含水量出现的时间与土壤熟化程度有关，熟化度高的出现在１２月—翌年１月，熟化度低的往往出现在１０月—翌年１月．历时３—４个月．（３）赤红壤０—１００ｃｍ土体的贮水量及有效贮水量低于红壤而高于砖红壤．     

超高浓度萘系磺酸染料中间体废液资源化

本文介绍了胺盐萃取回收率液中萘磺酸染料中间体的方法，回收率达９５％以上，回收浓缩液工艺套用，１０ｔ／ｄ废液量的资源化年净效益达５８０万元，投资费用两个月即可全部收回，采用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温方程描述体系中萃取剂用量，待萃物含量和萃取率的关系，使工艺参数的确立和工程设计完全处理指导之下。     

Female choice on male quantitative traits in lizards — why is it so rare?

Female choice on the basis of male traits has been described in an array of taxa but has rarely been demonstrated in reptiles. In the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis), and possibly in other non-territorial reptiles, a male's contribution to a female's fitness is restricted to his genes. In order to choose males of high genetic quality, females have to trade the fitness gain against the costs of active choice. In a Swedish population of sand lizards, long-lived males sired offspring with higher embryonic survival compared to offspring sired by short-lived males. In spite of this female sand lizards did not mate selectively with older and/or larger males. There appeared to be mo reliable cues to male longevity; age-specific male body size was highly variable. Furthermore, estimates of male nuptial coloration did not covary with ectoparasite load and, hence, females cannot use male coloration as a cue to heritable resistance to pathogenic parasite effects. When cues to male genetic quality are poor, or inaccurate, and males make no parental investment, we predict that female choice will be rare. Sand lizard females mating with many partners lay clutches with higher hatching success. Thus, females may obtain good genes for their young by multiple mating, thereby avoiding costs associated with mate choice.     

Uncertainty, learning, and the optimal management of wildlife

Wildlife management is limited by uncontrolled and often unrecognized environmental variation, by limited capabilities to observe and control animal populations, and by a lack of understanding about the biological processes driving population dynamics. In this paper I describe a comprehensive framework for management that includes multiple models and likelihood values to account for structural uncertainty, along with stochastic factors to account for environmental variation, random sampling, and partial controllability. Adaptive optimization is developed in terms of the optimal control of incompletely understood populations, with the expected value of perfect information measuring the potential for improving control through learning. The framework for optimal adaptive control is generalized by including partial observability and non-adaptive, sample-based updating of model likelihoods. Passive adaptive management is derived as a special case of constrained adaptive optimization, representing a potentially efficient suboptimal alternative that nonetheless accounts for structural uncertainty.     

The apportionment of quadratic entropy: a useful alternative for partitioning diversity in ecological data

Many methods that study the diversity within hierarchically structured populations have been developed in genetics. Among them, the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) (Excoffier et al., 1992) has the advantage of including evolutionary distances between individuals. AMOVA is a special case of a far more general statistical scheme produced by Rao (1982a; 1986) and called the apportionment of quadratic entropy (APQE). It links diversity and dissimilarity and allows the decomposition of diversity according to a given hierarchy. We apply this framework to ecological data showing that APQE may be very useful for studying diversity at various spatial scales. Moreover, the quadratic entropy has a critical advantage over usual diversity indices because it takes into account differences between species. Finally, the differences that can be incorporated in APQE may be either taxonomic or functional (biological traits), which may be of critical interest for ecologists.