±500kV直流复合绝缘子沿串积污特性研究

复合绝缘子的积污特性与瓷绝缘子和玻璃绝缘子有所不同,研究其积污规律对防止污闪有着重要意义。为此,以3支实际运行后的±500kV直流复合绝缘子为研究对象,系统测量其沿串不同位置的污秽度,用等值盐密(ESDD)和灰密(NSDD)表征。试验发现绝缘子不同伞上下表面的等值盐密和灰密大多呈现出U形的分布规律,尤其以等值盐密的U形分布更为明显,而且不同伞上下表面污秽U形分布规律性的强弱有一定差异。讨论了积污过程中电场对污秽沉积的作用以及自清洗过程中雨水冲洗的随机作用,更好地解释了直流复合绝缘子的沿串积污规律。     

Economics of salt‐induced land degradation and restoration

Food security concerns and the scarcity of new productive land have put productivity enhancement of degraded lands back on the political agenda. In such a context, salt‐affected lands are a valuable resource that cannot be neglected nor easily abandoned even with their lower crop yields, especially in areas where significant investments have already been made in irrigation and drainage infrastructure. A review of previous studies shows a very limited number of highly variable estimates of the costs of salt‐induced land degradation combined with methodological and contextual differences. Simple extrapolation suggests that the global annual cost of salt‐induced land degradation in irrigated areas could be US$ 27.3 billion because of lost crop production. We present selected case studies that highlight the potential for economic and environmental benefits of taking action to remediate salt‐affected lands. The findings indicate that it can be cost‐effective to invest in sustainable land management in countries confronting salt‐induced land degradation. Such investments in effective remediation of salt‐affected lands should form part of a broader strategy for food security and be defined in national action plans. This broader strategy is required to ensure the identification and effective removal of barriers to the adoption of sustainable land management, such as perverse subsidies. Whereas reversing salt‐induced land degradation would require several years, interim salinity management strategies could provide a pathway for effective remediation and further showcase the importance of reversing land degradation and the rewards of investing in sustainable land management.     

泥处理处置路径碳排放分析

根据联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)提供的核算准则,结合生命周期评价(LCA),对我国常见的污泥处理处置路径包括填埋、焚烧、热解、好氧堆肥、厌氧消化和湿式空气氧化进行了碳排放核算,并对敏感因子污泥有机质含量进行了影响分析.结果表明,对于有机质含量40%~50%的脱水污泥(含水率80%),净碳排放排序为填埋>焚烧>热解>厌氧消化>好氧堆肥>湿式空气氧化;而对于有机质含量60%~70%的脱水污泥,排序为填埋>焚烧>热解>好氧堆肥>湿式空气氧化>厌氧消化.对不同污泥处理处置组合路径进一步分析表明,独立焚烧相对于污泥水泥窑协同处置和燃煤电厂混烧碳排放更低.水解-厌氧消化-土地利用组合路径因提高有机质利用率而降低碳排放.1t脱水污泥处理处置全生命周期碳排放分析的结果表明,当污泥有机质含量低于60%时,上述路径都会产生2.07~494.45kg CO₂eq/t不等的碳排放;当污泥有机质含量达到60%时,热水解-厌氧消化-土地利用组合路径可以实现负碳排放,为-37.91kg CO₂eq/t,厌氧消化及湿式空气氧化路径接近于零碳排放;当有机质含量达到70%时,湿式空气氧化､厌氧消化及组合路径均可以实现负碳排放.     

我国陆地表层土壤的238Pu水平和溯源分析

基于我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu本底水平数据缺少的问题,分析了采自全国多个地区陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu的比活度.结果表明,我国陆地表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu比活度很低,范围在0.007~0.045Bq/kg,²³⁸Pu/^239+240Pu活度比范围为0.032~0.041,这些数值均与周边国家和中纬度地区的报道值接近.根据二元模型对我国陆地表层土壤的²³⁸Pu来源进行分析,结果表明我国表层土壤样品中²³⁸Pu主要来源于核试验的全球沉降和SNAP-9A的沉降.     

Development of a framework for fire risk assessment using remote sensing and geographic information system technologies

Forest fires play a critical role in landscape transformation, vegetation succession, soil degradation and air quality. Improvements in fire risk estimation are vital to reduce the negative impacts of fire, either by lessen burn severity or intensity through fuel management, or by aiding the natural vegetation recovery using post-fire treatments. This paper presents the methods to generate the input variables and the risk integration developed within the Firemap project (funded under the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology) to map wildland fire risk for several regions of Spain. After defining the conceptual scheme for fire risk assessment, the paper describes the methods used to generate the risk parameters, and presents proposals for their integration into synthetic risk indices. The generation of the input variables was based on an extensive use of geographic information system and remote sensing technologies, since the project was intended to provide a spatial and temporal assessment of risk conditions. All variables were mapped at 1 km² spatial resolution, and were integrated into a web-mapping service system. This service was active in the summer of 2007 for semi-operational testing of end-users. The paper also presents the first validation results of the danger index, by comparing temporal trends of different danger components and fire occurrence in the different study regions.     

高浓度废水可调式厌氧处理技术

以酒精发酵和有机化工混合废水为研究对象,通过对原厌氧工艺的改进,成功地研发了"可调式Ⅰ级全糟发酵/DDG+Ⅱ级UASB+Ⅲ级IC"厌氧工艺,实现了废水有机负荷和进入方式的随机调节。运行结果表明:新工艺运行稳定,有机负荷提高1倍,沼气产率提高39%~56%,厌氧阶段出水COD由原工艺的2000 mg/L降低到500 mg/L左右,COD去除率由93%上升到99%。     

不同水分条件下三裂叶豚草叶解剖结构的生态适应性

三裂叶豚草（Ambrosia trifida）是世界公害杂草,于20世纪30年代传人我国后,对我国人民的生产生活和生态系统造成了严重危害。本研究以我国北方地区主要分布的入侵植物三裂叶豚草为对象,采用盆栽实验的方法及石蜡切片技术,在Zeiss Image．A,光学显微镜下研究不同土壤水分条件下三裂叶豚草叶片解剖结构的变化。结果表明：三裂叶豚草在90％土壤相对含水量处理下叶片厚度、上下表皮厚度均增加,是细胞储水量增加,细胞体积增大的结果;在50％、30％土壤相对含水量处理下三裂叶豚草叶片变薄、栅海比值增大,是典型的节约型干旱适应,同时叶肉栅栏细胞层数增加、栅栏细胞密度增大,表现出强壮型干旱适应特征;干旱胁迫程度越大,三裂叶豚草叶显微结构变化越大。不同水分条件下三裂叶豚草解剖特征总体可塑性值为0．39,具较高可塑性,其中叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的厚度比（P／S）、栅栏细胞密度等指标较栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度具有更大可塑性,表明这些因素对三裂叶豚草成功入侵有较大作用。     

马鬃岭自然保护区土壤碳蓄积的研究

以金寨马鬃岭自然保护区为研究对象,布置56个采样点,分析该区森林土壤有机碳质量分数时空分布特征和碳储量。结果表明：研究区有机碳含量丰富,随着土壤深度、植被类型、海拔高度的变化而变化。0~20cm土层有机碳质量分数最高为90.88 g·kg-1,平均为32.47 g·kg-1,土壤有机碳质量分数随着深度的增加而递减,表层有机碳变化幅度高于深层土壤,不同测点递减的程度不同;有机碳质量分数随海拔高度的增加呈递增趋势;土壤有机碳质量分数存在明显的季节变化,表层土壤秋季有机碳质量分数最高,冬春季次之,夏季最低,越往表层季节变化越明显。0~20 cm土层有机碳密度平均为6.52 kg.m-2,0~100 cm土层有机碳平均密度为23.26 kg.m-2,有机碳密度分布与有机碳质量分数分布基本一致。0~20 cm土层土壤碳储量为2.258×105~2.265×105 t,0~100 cm土层土壤碳储量为6.91×105~8.76×105 t,碳储量丰富。最后提出该自然保护区封山育林,对温室气体减排意义重大。     

库布齐沙漠自然植被与人工植被土壤水盐的空间异质性比较研究

干旱半干旱地区土壤水盐的空间分布对土地利用和生态恢复具有重要作用。运用传统统计学和地统计学对库布齐沙漠5种自然植被和5种人工植被0～10和10～20cm深度土壤水分和盐分的空间异质性进行了小尺度比较分析。结果表明：9种群落的土壤水盐平均值下层大于表层,且盐分的空间相关性较水分更高;人工植被土壤水分（CV=5.3%～22.7%）和盐分（CV=15.7%～51.2%）具有空间分布均匀、层间差异不明显等特征,而自然植被水分（CV=9.9%～32.6%）和盐分的（CV=26.9%～180.0%）却与之相反;小尺度上,人工植被土壤不同层间的水分关系、盐分关系以及水盐关系可能随建植时间的增加会越来越不明显,格局强度将不断减弱,这也极有可能改变大尺度上的水盐运移状况,进而影响研究区生态系统的稳定性和安全性。     

疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因

胡杨林对保护疏勒河中下游绿洲脆弱的生态平衡具有决定性作用。认识疏勒河中下游绿洲胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征与成因有利于胡杨林保护和更新复壮,促进研究区绿洲可持续发展。研究基于河西走廊疏勒河中下游绿洲天然胡杨林下8个采样点720个土壤样品,应用地统计学和数理统计学方法研究了胡杨林土壤水盐的空间变化特征及其原因。结果表明:研究区土壤含水量随深度而增加,土壤全盐量变化与之相反,两者在80 cm土层之上变化剧烈,之下变化平缓;且明显存在着自中游向下游土壤含水量逐渐减小,土壤全盐量逐渐增大的空间差异。土壤水盐含量变异明显,但均属于中强度变异。自然和人为因素共同作用造成研究区土壤水盐空间分布差异显著。