Digital data sources and methods for conservation culturomics

Ongoing loss of biological diversity is primarily the result of unsustainable human behavior. Thus, the long-term success of biodiversity conservation depends on a thorough understanding of human–nature interactions. Such interactions are ubiquitous but vary greatly in time and space and are difficult to monitor efficiently at large spatial scales. However, the Information Age also provides new opportunities to better understand human–nature interactions because many aspects of daily life are recorded in a variety of digital formats. The emerging field of conservation culturomics aims to take advantage of digital data sources and methods to study human–nature interactions and thus to provide new tools for studying conservation at relevant temporal and spatial scales. Nevertheless, technical challenges associated with the identification, access, and analysis of relevant data hamper the wider adoption of culturomics methods. To help overcome these barriers, we propose a conservation culturomics research framework that addresses data acquisition, analysis, and inherent biases. The main sources of culturomic data include web pages, social media, and other digital platforms from which metrics of content and engagement can be obtained. Obtaining raw data from these platforms is usually desirable but requires careful consideration of how to access, store, and prepare the data for analysis. Methods for data analysis include network approaches to explore connections between topics, time-series analysis for temporal data, and spatial modeling to highlight spatial patterns. Outstanding challenges associated with culturomics research include issues of interdisciplinarity, ethics, data biases, and validation. The practical guidance we offer will help conservation researchers and practitioners identify and obtain the necessary data and carry out appropriate analyses for their specific questions, thus facilitating the wider adoption of culturomics approaches for conservation applications.     

北疆部分区域土壤pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量调查

对北疆4个区域土壤的pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量状况进行了调查和评价。监测结果表明,调查区的pH为7.20-10.58,多属于碱性至强碱性土壤;可溶性总盐量为0.012％。12.834％,多属于中度盐渍化土壤;土壤表层有机质含量为0.16％-21.09％,1-6级土壤均含有机质,总体水平相对较低,但山区土壤中有机质含量较高。部分农田存在土壤次生盐渍化重、肥力低的问题。古尔班通古特沙漠中的风沙土等具有盐渍化轻、肥力低的特点。     

Revisiting the elemental composition and the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes

In this work, the elemental content (C, N, H, S, O), the organic matter content and the calorific value of various organic components that are commonly found in the municipal solid waste stream were measured. The objective of this work was to develop an empirical equation to describe the calorific value of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its elemental composition. The MSW components were grouped into paper wastes, food wastes, yard wastes and plastics. Sample sizes ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 kg. In addition to the above individual components, commingled municipal solid wastes were sampled from a bio-drying facility located in Crete (sample sizes ranged from 8 to 15 kg) and were analyzed for the same parameters. Based on the results of this work, an improved empirical model was developed that revealed that carbon, hydrogen and oxygen were the only statistically significant predictors of calorific value. Total organic carbon was statistically similar to total carbon for most materials in this work. The carbon to organic matter ratio of 26 municipal solid waste substrates and of 18 organic composts varied from 0.40 to 0.99. An approximate chemical empirical formula calculated for the organic fraction of commingled municipal solid wastes was C₃₂NH₅₅O₁₆.     

粉煤灰基吸附剂对模拟废水中Cd2+的吸附性能

以粉煤灰为原料、Na2CO3为助熔剂,采用盐熔融—水浴结晶法制备粉煤灰基吸附剂。探讨了吸附剂的最佳制备条件及其对模拟废水中Cd2+的最佳吸附条件、吸附动力学和吸附机理。实验结果表明:制备吸附剂的最佳工艺条件为m(粉煤灰)∶m(Na2CO3)为1∶2,焙烧温度为450℃;采用最佳制备工艺条件下制备的吸附剂(记作2-450℃-FA吸附剂),在初始Cd2+质量浓度为300 mg/L、初始溶液pH为7.7、振荡时间为120 min的条件下,对模拟废水中Cd2+的去除率为98.0%。2-450℃-FA吸附剂对Cd2+的吸附主要受颗粒内扩散控制,吸附过程可用准二级吸附动力学方程很好地描述。Ea为77.22 kJ/mol,吸附过程主要为化学吸附。     

花果期持续受渍对油菜生长、产量与含油量的影响

油菜是江汉平原广泛栽培的越冬作物，在春季雨水较多时常遭遇持续受渍胁迫，对产量有明显影响。为了探索春季油菜田的排水管理，取得较高产量，通过测坑试验和小区试验，初步研究了花果斯持续受渍对油菜生长，产量和含油量的影响。结果表明：油菜花果期持续受渍，主要是通过单株的有效角果数，千粒重等因素影响产量；随着持续受渍时间的延长，各受渍处理的单株有效角果数减少，千粒重降低，产量下降，与对照相比，较短时间（比如2天）持续受渍对油菜生长发育，产量形成以及籽粒含油量影响不大，但较长时期持续受渍会对油菜的这些方面产生不良影响，此类水分胁迫是生产上重点防治的对象。因此，在考虑地下水位动脉及其作用时间对油菜影响的排渍指标研究中，应主要从持续受渍程度对产量的影响方面建立关系，确定适宜的新型排渍指标。     

广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg的含量及变化趋势

测定了95份土壤样品、94份水样以及292份蔬菜样品中汞的含量,探讨了广州市蔬菜地土壤-蔬菜中重金属Hg污染状况.发现蔬菜中的Hg含量与土壤中的Hg含量较为密切.广州市土壤、蔬菜中Hg的含量水平均比过去大幅度降低.蔬菜中Hg含量与其它城市比较,污染情况较轻,处于其它城市的中低水平.     

Correlating the Spatial Distribution of Atmospheric Ammonia with δ15N Values at an Ammonia Release Site

A field ammonia (NH₃) release experiment and open top chambers containing moorland monoliths continuously fumigated with NH₃ or sprayed with NH₄Cl were used to assess the potential for using ¹⁵N values in determining the area of influence around a point NH₃ emission source. ¹⁵N values are being increasingly used as environmental tracers and we tested the hypothesis that the ¹⁵N signal from an NH₃ emission source is observable in nearby vegetation. Using modified monitoring devices, atmospheric NH₃ concentrations were found to decrease with distance from source, with ¹⁵N values also reflecting this trend, producing a signal shift with changing concentration. Open top chamber studies of ¹⁵N values of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull indicated a correlation with deposition treatments in current year shoots. Analysis of Calluna shoots from the NH₃ release showed a similar trend of ¹⁵N enrichment. Significant linear correlations between ¹⁵N and percent N in plant material were found, both in the controlled conditions of the open top chambers and at the NH₃ release site, illustrating the possible use of this technique in N deposition biomonitoring.     

硅藻土水处理剂对采出水絮凝试验

不同加药量的采出水絮凝试验表明:硅藻土是一种能够用于采出水处理工艺的新型药剂,絮凝沉降后水的浊度可降低到1NTU左右,悬浮物的体积浓度降低到0.0005%以下,颗粒物的分布特征值向有利于通过过滤工艺去除的大尺度方向变化。适当的加药量为50mg/L。     

新型杀菌剂双季铵盐BQAS性能试验研究

新型杀菌剂双季铵盐以其低毒、性能优良而受到广泛的关注。以自制的N,N-二甲基十二烷基叔胺和1,4-二溴丁烷为原料合成产物双季铵盐(BQAS)。对双季铵盐BQAS的杀菌性能及缓蚀性能研究表明,双季铵盐对SRB和TGB的杀灭能力均优于1227,双季铵盐在有氧中性水介质中表现出一定的缓蚀性能,并具有较强的杀菌能力,是一种吸附成膜型缓蚀剂。     

STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT USING SALT DILUTION IN TUNDRA STREAMS,NORTHWEST TERRITORIES,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: With the recent increased exploration and mining activity in the Northwest Territories, there has been growing interest in streamflows. However, streamflow monitoring in Canada's north is limited, especially in the central Northwest Territories where the exploration activity is concentrated. To complicate matters, the standard approach of measuring discharge with current meters or weirs is often inadequate or prohibitively expensive, as many streams in the region are shallow, braided and rocky. In response, alternative techniques such as salt dilution can be used. A salt tracer's competence in turbulent and rocky channels makes it ideal for discharge measurements in these situations. This paper summarizes the work performed by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada and Canamera Geological Ltd. staff in determining the stream discharge of a lake outlet using a potassium chloride (KC1) tracer. A variety of streamflow measurement methods were performed and compared to determine the viability and rigor of the dilution method. Results suggest the dilution method compares favorably to other measurement techniques both in accuracy and operational ease.