Removal of Cd2+ from water by Friedel’s salt (FS: 3CaO.Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O): Sorption characteristics and mechanisms

The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel’s salt (FS:3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O), a hexagonal layered inorganic absorbent, was synthesized to remove Cd2+ from water. The adsorption process was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption mechanism was further analyzed with TEM, XRD, FT-IR analysis and monitoring of metal cations released and solution pH variation. The results indicated the adsorbent FS had an outstanding ability for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) removal can reach up to 671.14 mg/g. The nearly equal numbers of Cd2+ adsorbed and Ca2+ released demonstrated that ion-exchange (both surface and inner) of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) played an important role during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the surface of the FS after adsorption was microscopically disintegrated while the inner lamellar structure was almost unchanged. The behavior of Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption by FS was significantly affected by surface reactions. The mechanisms of Cd2+ adsorption by the FS mainly included surface complexation and surface precipitation. In the present study, the adsorption process was fitted better by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9999) than the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.8122). Finally, due to the high capacity for ion-exchange on the FS surface, FS is a promising layered inorganic adsorbent for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) from water.     

咸潮预警值设定的研究

为研究咸潮预警,上海某饮用水源地安装了蓝色卫士水质综合预警系统。采用实验室配制人工海水模拟减潮,通过动态实验研究蓝色卫士的成潮预警值。试验证明,成潮预警值设定范围为1．6～1．8较好。经过连续1a自动监测,蓝色卫士共准确预警预报两次成潮,成功保障了该水源地的饮水安全。     

高温炭化法处理工业废盐工程方案研究

针对工业废盐成分复杂、精制难度高的现状,本文提出了一种工业废盐的资源化工程方案,技术经济分析表明,该工程化方案在技术上、经济上能够实现满足投资、运营要求,具备较好的推广前景。     

铝材Sn-Ni混合盐电解着枪色参数研究

首先对铝片试样进行预处理,随后在恒定的电流密度和相同的氧化时间下,在铝材表面形成厚度均匀的阳极氧化膜,然后采用方波交流电,对铝试样进行电解着色处理,通过改变铝材电解着色工艺的着色时间、电流密度、正负电流比、占空比等因素来研究这些因素与铝材明度值和色差之间的关系。实验结果表明获得枪色的最佳工艺条件是:着色时间6m in左右,着色电流密度为1.40 A/dm2左右,正向电流比负向电流大7%左右,占空比55%左右。     

利用废渣盐石膏制作轻型墙体材料

研究利用海盐化工产生的废渣盐石膏经过一定工艺处理,生产轻型墙体材料盐石膏空心条板,该产品与天然石膏空心条板相比,原料采用及生产工艺都有较大改进,生产成本却大幅度下降。经测试,该产品完全可替代天然石膏空心条板,技术性能指标达到了国家规定的相关标准。     

铬盐废水蒸发系统腐蚀突变与缓蚀工况研究

针对铬盐废水蒸发系统运行过程中的腐蚀问题,采用失重法、pH值检测、扫描电镜(SEM、EDS)和XRD等手段,模拟研究了温度、Cr3+质量浓度对20#碳钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀产物的影响,并从废水pH值和形貌分析角度探索腐蚀速率发生突变的原因.研究表明:废水Cr3+质量浓度在150～180 mg/L范围,碳钢腐蚀速率发生突增,废...     

西北地区水资源—生态可持续发展的若干问题探讨

基于对西北地区大开发的关键性难题与一些违背自然规律的不良倾向的讨论 ,认为大开发的实施需要在系统科学思维的基础上综合考虑资源—环境—经济的协调发展。近年来 ,许多科学家从各种角度揭示了我国西北乃至北半球中纬度地区持续干旱的发展规律 ,对干旱化趋势与水盐失衡的分析表明 ,西北地区气候干旱化将长期存在 ,生态将继续退化 ,这种趋势是人力不可抗拒的。人为活动尤其是水资源的开发利用 ,对土壤生态的影响是非常明显的 ,应该在严格控制水资源利用总量的前提下 ,调整用水格局 ,发展节水经济 ,科学确定社会经济用水和生态用水的比例 ,保证必须的生态用水 ,大力发展生态植被。指出在分析西北生态环境问题时过于强调人为活动而忽视自然因素作用的倾向 ,讨论了水库兴修、灌溉、土地利用与改良、深层水利用、水环境脆弱性等水资源—生态建设与可持续发展中的若干关键性问题     

废液处理新工艺超临界水氧化（SCWO）评述

超临界水氧化是一项对有机废液焚烧处理最有潜力的替代技术,在过去的20多年里,这项技术引起了广泛的关注。然而,作为一项管端技术,超临界水氧化仍存在许多不足,这些不足阻碍了它的工业应用。除了反应器腐蚀和盐析导致的技术问题外,超临界水氧化经常被认为是一项处理所有废液的“通用”技术,然而也是无法实现的“通用”技术。本文介绍了作为管端处理技术的超临界水氧化技术存在的问题,讨论了可能的解决办法,介绍了不同反应器的概念,提出了在超临界水氧化领域里开展进一步研究和发展新工艺流程的建议。此外,评价了超临界水氧化技术涉及到的自身能源供应问题。     

盐穴地下储气库事故统计及风险分析

借鉴输气管道和二氧化碳地下封存设施的风险评价方法,结合盐穴地下储气库的事故统计分析,对储气库系统中的潜在风险因素进行12大类、35小类的初步分类,并归纳总结了盐穴地下储气库的3种主要事故类型。采用事故树分析的风险评价方法,对13种主要风险因素进行风险识别。在此基础上,提出定量风险评价的重要工程模型,其包括气体水合物模型、盐穴稳定性评价模型以及气体泄漏模型。该风险分析方法和工程模型有助于定量评价盐穴地下储气库的主要风险因素,为储库的安全稳定运行提供了科学依据。     

Effect of long-term changes in soil chemistry induced by road salt applications on N-transformations in roadside soils

Of several impacts of road salting on roadside soils, the potential disruption of the nitrogen cycle has been largely ignored. Therefore the fates of low-level ammonium-N and nitrate-N inputs to roadside soils impacted by salting over an extended period (decades) in the field have been studied. The use of road salts disrupts the proportional contributions of nitrate-N and ammonium-N to the mineral inorganic fraction of roadside soils. It is highly probable that the degree of salt exposure of the soil, in the longer term, controls the rates of key microbial N transformation processes, primarily by increasing soil pH. Additional influxes of ammonium-N to salt-impacted soils are rapidly nitrified therefore and, thereafter, increased leaching of nitrate-N to the local waterways occurs, which has particular relevance to the Water Framework Directive. The results reported are important when assessing the fate of inputs of ammonia to soils from atmospheric pollution.