两种新型涂铁改性砂的过滤性能及反冲洗条件研究

以两种新型涂铁改性石英砂(纳米氧化铁改性砂,Nano-OCS;氧化铁改性砂,IOCS)及普通石英砂(RQS)为研究对象,考察了两种新型改性砂对沉后水腐殖酸及浊度的直接过滤效果,对其反冲洗条件进行优化研究,并对3种滤料的过滤效果进行了比较.结果表明,1滤层厚度为45 cm时,最佳滤速为6 m·h-1;3种滤料对腐殖酸和浊度的直接过滤效果依次为:Nano-OCSIOCSRQS,其中两种涂铁砂对腐殖酸的去除率分别为71.70%和61.61%;2Nano-OCS和IOCS滤柱的反冲洗流程分4步,对应的流程及最佳操作条件为:首先,用0.5 mol·L-1NaOH的溶液浸泡,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,气冲时间6 min;然后,用0.075 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液与空气同时反冲洗,NaOH溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间3 min;接着用0.015 mol·L-1的FeCl3溶液与空气同时反冲洗,FeCl3溶液冲洗强度为8 L·s-1·m-2,气冲强度13L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间2 min;最后,用清水冲洗,冲洗强度8 L·s-1·m-2,冲洗时间4 min.两种涂铁砂反冲洗前后表面形态结构更加复杂、粗糙度增加,对腐殖酸去除率进一步提高.3当滤层厚度由45 cm增加到80 cm时,Nano-OCS对腐殖酸直接过滤的最高去除率由74.6%提高至80.3%,平均去除率由57.9%提高至68.5%.     

GIS环境下大区域工程场地地震液化势的二维概率评价方法

用具有概率意义的饱和砂土抗液化强度经验公式来对大区域场地进行地震液化势二维概率评价;在GIS软件ArcGIS的支持下,将取样钻孔处的液化势评价结果等价于数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)中的高程,利用ArcGIS空间分析模块中的Kriging插值法估计大区域场地的地震液化范围。研究表明:将Kriging法应用于岩土工程地质特征的统计推断,有助于揭示勘探孔以外的地层信息,对于大区域场地地震液化范围的判别是一个较好的手段;利用ArcGIS空间分析模块中的Kriging法,通过已勘察点的信息(液化势)来估计未勘测点的土层液化势,能够较好地区划出场地地震液化势的空间分布特征。     

饮用水处理厂锰砂滤料对苯酚的吸附性能及影响因素

为了解锰砂滤料对苯酚的吸附性能和影响因素,以生物锰砂滤池运行结束后产生的废料为吸附剂,研究了不同初始pH、温度和溶解氧条件下锰砂滤料对苯酚的吸附性能,通过吸附动力学模型和吸附等温线模型研究其吸附规律。结果表明:锰砂滤料对苯酚的吸附过程符合内扩散动力学模型和Temkin吸附等温线模型,每单分子层吸附,吸附效果主要受苯酚扩散速率影响。通过对吸附等温线n值的计算发现,锰砂滤料容易吸附苯酚。pH对锰砂滤料去除苯酚的影响最大,初始pH为3.0时,苯酚可完全去除,随着初始pH的升高,苯酚的去除率逐渐减小。中性条件下,溶解氧浓度对苯酚的吸附作用影响不大,低温时可通过增加锰砂滤料投加量提高苯酚去除率,每增加1.5倍锰砂滤料,苯酚去除率约增加20个百分点。锰砂滤料可应用于地下水中的苯酚去除,达到废料再利用,不产生二次污染。     

土壤中多环芳烃菲的自然降解特性

自然降解是去除环境中有机污染物的一种重要手段。为了解土壤中多环芳烃的自然降解规律,选择陕北风沙滩地区风积砂为典型土壤,多环芳烃菲为典型污染质,探讨了菲在风积砂中的自然降解规律;建立了菲的降解动力学模型;进一步考察了污染浓度、温度、pH值、含氧量等环境因素对降解的影响。结果表明,风积砂中菲的自然降解符合准一级反应动力学,降解半衰期为17 d;菲的降解率与生物量呈正相关;污染浓度对菲的自然降解影响不显著;25~35℃、中性条件能够促进风积砂中菲的降解;好氧微生物是降解的关键,氧的存在对于土壤中菲的降解具有重要的作用。     

赤泥淋滤液特征污染物在饱和砂土中的运移规律研究

为揭示赤泥对地下水的污染机理,防控其污染,对中国北方某炼铝厂赤泥堆场所取淋滤液进行水质分析,识别出严重超标特征污染物F⁻、SO₄ ²⁻、Al³⁺,通过一维砂柱试验研究了其在饱和中砂、细砂、粉砂3种介质中的运移规律。结果表明：特征污染物在砂柱中运移距离越大,其浓度越小;砂粒粒径越小,渗透系数越小,对特征污染物的截留能力越强,特征污染物在砂柱中完全穿透时间也越长。运用Hydrus-1D软件对3种特征污染物在饱和砂土中的运移过程进行模拟,得出在3种介质中弥散度(α)分别为1.76、0.95、0.58 cm,3种介质中F⁻的溶质反应参数K_d和N_u分别为2.10、1.00、4.10 mg/mL和24、28、30 mL/mg,SO₄ ²⁻的K_d和N_u分别为1.78、0.99、5.00 mg/mL和12、20、32 mL/mg,Al³⁺的K_d和N_u分别为1.44、1.65、4.44 mg/mL和18、17、45 mL/mg,呈现介质颗粒越细,K_d越大（吸附能力越强）,N_u越大（吸附速度越快）的特征。为防止赤泥污染,根据经济适用、取材方便的原则,建议选用粉砂土或颗粒更细的黏土作为污染防渗层。

     

生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油

对4种生物柴油促进原油污染砂粒释放油的效果进行了研究,并探讨了菜籽生物柴油投加量和砂粒粒径对促进效果的影响。结果表明,菜籽生物柴油的促进效果最好,8 h释放量达到73%,废油脂生物柴油的效果最差,仅为52%;生物柴油的促进效果随着投加量的增大而升高,当投加量超过海水体积的5%时促进效果不再明显增加;在生物柴油作用下,小粒径砂粒上原油的释放效果优于大粒径砂粒。     

Variation in populations of the coastal dune building grassLeymus arenarius in Iceland revealed by endospermal prolamins

Variation in the endospermal protein patterns of seeds amongst and between inland and coastal populations of the dune building grassLeymus arenarius was examined in Iceland. Seeds were collected from six coastal populations and five inland populations in Iceland. Endospermal proteins (prolamins) of seeds were extracted with Tris-buffered 2-propanol (50%) and β-mercaptoethanol (0.5% v/v). We used 8% and 12% sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate the prolamin protein bands, which were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R. Coastal populations were differentiated from inland populations on the basis of high frequency of high molar weight (HMW) (110–150 kg mol⁻¹) prolamins. Coastal populations had significantly higher proportions of their seed with more than two HMW prolamins, than those of inland populations. Subtle differences were found among the HMW prolamins of coastal and inland populations indicating limited intrapopulation variation. The dynamic environment of sand dunes probably influences the genetic composition of these populations. The results suggest that seeds of the inland and coastal populations should be treated separately in sand dune reclamation and restoration works     

金属氢氧化物包被砂过滤柱吸附与去除水体中的微生物

以氢氧化铁与氢氧化铝原位沉积包被砂作介质的过滤柱 ,用于去除脱氯自来水中人为污染的高浓度脊髓灰质炎病毒PV1、脆弱拟杆菌噬菌体B .fp和大肠杆菌E .coli.结果显示 ,包被修饰砂颗粒表面Zeta电动势由原来的 - 4 2 .8mV上升到 5 4 .7mV ,并因此提高了对微生物的吸附去除能力 .修饰砂过滤柱经 12 .5d连续过滤 30 0L水样后 ,仍可使进水微生物浓度分别高达n(cfu) /mL-1=5 .2× 10 6、2 .4× 10 5、2 .3× 10 5的E .coli、B .fp和PV1去除 92 %、97.2 %和 99.6 % .而未修饰砂柱 ,在相同条件下仅分别去除 5 3%、5 9%和 70 .6 % .修饰砂柱可在较大pH变化下稳定高效地去除微生物且在中性条件下效果最佳 ,这与未修饰砂柱明显不同 .扫描电镜显示 ,两种砂具有明显不同的表面结构 .修饰砂柱流出液中检测不到用于包被的铁、铝金属 ,说明氢氧化铁、氢氧化铝修饰物同砂结合牢固并因此提高了砂过滤柱的使用寿命 .修饰砂过滤介质可为饮用水处理提供更为安全可靠的去除病原微生物方法 .图 4表 4参 19     

Mineral, chemical and radiological investigation of a black sand at Touzla Cape, near Thessaloniki, Greece

A black-sand formation located at Touzla Cape, near Thessaloniki city, Greece, was investigated using optical microscopy, powder-XRD, SEM-EDS, INAA and in-situ -ray spectrometry. This black sand is mainly composed of ilmenite, magnetite, garnet, zircon and rutile. Also present, in minor or trace amounts, are quartz, sphene, pyroxenes, sillimanite, feldspars, biotite, haematite, tourmaline, chromite, niobian-rutile and pyrrhotite. Niobian-rutile and pyrrhotite were found as inclusions in ilmenite and magnetite respectively. The radioactivity measurements indicated contributions of the uranium and thorium radioactive series and of 40K and 137Cs, and the maximum value of the total absorbed dose rate in air was found to be 62, 172, 8 and 2 nGy h-1 respectively. The main radioactivity of the uranium and thorium series is attributed to the fractions of zircon (304 µg Th g-1 and 157 µg U g-1), of ilmenite (89 µg Th g-1) and to a lesser extent to the fraction of garnet (5 µg Th g-1). The zircon fraction also contained 5076 µg Hf g-1. Some minerals and elements (Ti, Zr, Hf, Th, U) contained in the black sand could be of potential economic value. The high proportions of monomineralic grains along with the variations observed in mineral phases, in colour, in sphericity, in roundness, in grain size, in composition and in mineral inclusions, imply that the minerals and grains were subjected to several cycles of weathering and sedimentation, as well as being derived from multiple source rocks and areas.