内蒙古沙地森林草原过渡带中沙地云彬种群动态

沙地云彬是我国内蒙东部沙地森林草原过渡带的特有濒危树种,沙地杉林是陆地上非常特殊的森林生态系统类型。本文研究了沙地云杉的种群动态,建立了沙地云杉种群生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线和生殖力表,同时研究了沙地云杉种群分布格局及增长动态,可为沙地治理和沙地森林生态系统研究提供科学依据。     

西藏沙漠化灾害现状及其驱动力研究

西藏自治区是我国沙漠化灾害问题较为严重的地区之一,有沙漠化灾害土地19．974万km^2占全区土地总面积的16．58％,包括重度、中度、轻度3级和流动沙（丘）地、半固定沙（丘）地、固定沙（丘）地、裸露沙砾地、半裸露沙砾地5类沙漠化灾害土地,其中以中度沙漠化灾害土地和裸露沙砾地类沙漠化灾害土地为最多。沙漠化灾害将使区内生态环境与生存条件恶化,破坏建设工程,直接影响农业生产,导致人民生活贫困,并构成严重的潜在压力,造成了巨大的经济损失,平均年经济损失高达34．5亿元。驱动力分析表明,西藏的土地沙漠化灾害是在近期“全球变化”背景下气候干暖化和人为的过度经济活动共同促成的。     

Mathematical prediction of imidacloprid persistence in two Croatian soils with different texture,organic matter content and acidity under laboratory conditions

In the present laboratory study, persistence of imidacloprid (IMI) as a function of initial insecticide concentration and soil properties in two Croatian soils (Krk sandy clay and Istria clay soils) was studied and described mathematically. Upon fitting the obtained experimental data for the higher concentration level (5 mg/kg) to mathematical models, statistical parameters (R ², scaled root mean squared error and χ ² error) indicated that the single first-order kinetics model provided the best prediction of IMI degradation in the Krk sandy clay soil, while in the Istria clay soil biphasic degradation was observed. At the lower concentration level (0.5 mg/kg), the biphasic models Gustafson and Holden models as well as the first-order double exponential model fitted the best experimental data in both soils. The disappearance time (DT₅₀) values estimated by the single first-order double exponential model (from 50 to 132 days) proved that IMI can be categorized as a moderately persistent pesticide. In the Krk sandy clay soil, resulting DT₅₀ values tended to increase with an increase of initial IMI concentration, while in the Istria clay soil, IMI persistence did not depend on the concentration. Organic matter of both experimental soils provided an accelerating effect on the degradation rate. The logistic model demonstrated that the effect of microbial activity was not the most important parameter for the biodegradation of IMI in the Istria clay soil, where IMI degradation could be dominated by chemical processes, such as chemical hydrolysis. The results pointed that mathematical modeling could be considered as the most convenient tool for predicting IMI persistence and contributes to the establishment of adequate monitoring of IMI residues in contaminated soil. Furthermore, IMI usage should be strictly controlled, especially in soils with low organic matter content where the risk of soil and groundwater contamination is much higher due to its longer persistence and consequent leaching and/or moving from soil surface prior to its degradation.     

西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为研究

采用小型回填式土柱动态吸附实验方法研究了西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为。结果表明,西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的吸附行为符合Freundlich吸附等温式和Langmuir吸附等温式,最优模型为Langmuir吸附方程;西辽河流域沙土对氨氮的饱和吸附量在573.81～3 666.16 mg/kg之间,平均为1 733.83 mg/kg。吸附分配系数k在3.13～524.55之间,平均为93.47;沙土对氨氮的吸附方式以化学吸附为主,解吸可逆性较弱。被吸附的氨氮解吸淋失的环境风险较小;沙土氨氮饱和吸附量与土壤有机质含量、粘粒含量和粗粘粒含量呈极显著正相关,影响程度顺序为:有机质含量>粘粒含量>粗粘粒含量;不同利用结构沙土的氨氮饱和吸附量:林地(2 053.87 mg/kg)>农田(1 990.40 mg/kg)>草地(1 356.37 mg/kg)>沙荒地(813.30 mg/kg);农田、林地和草地结构由于土壤有机质和团聚体含量较高,对氨氮的固持能力较强,氨氮流失的环境风险较小,沙荒地结构对氨氮的固持能力最弱。氨氮流失的环境风险最大。     

Effects of a new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate （NO3^-- N） and potassium （K） leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate （ASN） （（NH4）2SO4 and NHaNO3） or urea could reduce NO3^--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium （NH4^＋-N） leaching increased slightly. In case of total N （NO3^--N＋NH4^＋-N）, losses by leaching during the experimental period （40 d） were 37.93 mg （urea）, 31.61 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 108.10 mg （ASN）, 60.70 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg （urea）, 21.05 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 37.86 mg （ASN）, 31.09 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4^＋ -N and low levels of NO3^--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN＋DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.     

沙土不同有机组分对磷的解吸特征影响

采用平衡解吸法研究了沙土不同有机组分对磷的解吸附特征影响。结果表明,通过过氧化氢去除有机质后的沙土使磷的解吸比例（Dr=0.94）大幅度增加,解吸迟滞性指数（TⅡ=0.05）显著降低;有机质是影响磷在沙土上解吸特征的重要因素;磷在橡胶态胶体（轻组有机组分）上的表面分配作用吸附是导致解吸比例（Dr=0.81）增大,解吸迟滞性指数（TⅡ=0.05）减小的原因;稳结态腐殖质中的胡敏酸在对磷的吸着和滞留过程中发挥重要作用,HⅡ＋HⅢ组（Dr=0.57、TⅡ=0.30）;磷在紧结态腐殖质所形成的团聚体结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致磷的解吸比例（HⅢ组Dr=0.24）降低,解吸迟滞性指数（HⅢ组TⅡ=0.49）增大的根本原因,考查土壤磷的解吸特征不但要考虑有机质的含量,更要考虑有机质的存在形态,它也是影响土壤磷解吸特征的重要因素,轻组有机组分、重组有机组分、以及重组有机组分中的稳结态腐殖质、紧结态腐殖质所携载的吸附态磷进入水体后对上覆水体的释放通量可分别按其饱和吸附量的81%、66%、57%和24%进行估算。     

Effects of seascape connectivity on reserve performance along exposed coastlines

Seascape connectivity (landscape connectivity in the sea) can modify reserve performance in low-energy marine ecosystems (e.g., coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass), but it is not clear whether similar spatial linkages also shape reserve effectiveness on high-energy, exposed coastlines. We used the surf zones of ocean beaches in eastern Australia as a model system to test how seascape connectivity and reserve attributes combine to shape conservation outcomes. Spatial patterns in fish assemblages were measured using baited remote underwater video stations in 12 marine reserves and 15 fished beaches across 2000 km of exposed coastline. Reserve performance was shaped by both the characteristics of reserves and the spatial properties of the coastal seascapes in which reserves were embedded. Number of fish species and abundance of harvested fishes were highest in surf-zone reserves that encompassed >1.5 km of the surf zone; were located < 100 m to rocky headlands; and included pocket beaches in a heterogeneous seascape. Conservation outcomes for exposed coastlines may, therefore, be enhanced by prioritizing sufficiently large areas of seascapes that are strongly linked to abutting complementary habitats. Our findings have broader implications for coastal conservation planning. Empirical data to describe how the ecological features of high-energy shorelines influence conservation outcomes are lacking, and we suggest that seascape connectivity may have similar ecological effects on reserve performance on both sheltered and exposed coastlines.     

砂卵石地层桩锚支护结构稳定性实例研究

在城市中进行深基坑开挖,其稳定性至关重要。为研究砂卵石地层深基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护结构的稳定性问题,采用FLAC3D对其进行了三维模型计算分析,分析了不同开挖阶段桩锚支护体系的变形特性,以及基坑土体位移的变化情况,并与实测结果进行比较,研究了土体压力、桩体内力、锚索拉力与桩体水平位移的关系。结果表明：砂卵石地层在一定深度处存在＂自立拱＂效应,同时,可以对锚索进行有效的锚固,从而对桩体内力、变形起到有效的控制作用,保证基坑的稳定性。数值分析与实测结果相吻合,说明数值计算模型合理,结果可靠。     

Characteristics of bacterial community in Poyang Lake sandy land under different vegetation restoration conditions北大核心CSCD

为掌握不同植被恢复措施下鄱阳湖沙地土壤细菌群落变化特征,以湿地松、香根草、单叶蔓荆、狗牙根等植物恢复措施的沙地土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术,分析植物恢复前后细菌群落变化.结果显示,相较对照组,土壤细菌多样性均有提升,在门水平上,绿弯菌门丰度大幅降低,而变形菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门丰度增加.在属水平上,副伯克霍尔德氏菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、芽孢杆菌属、分枝杆菌属等丰度提升,而假单胞菌属丰度大幅下降.植被恢复后,不同植被固氮功能细菌丰度提升,而香根草、狗牙根土壤磷细菌丰度下降,湿地松土壤固氮、解磷功能优势细菌提升幅度为76.11%、51.12%,单叶蔓荆为65.04%、23.17%.土壤容重、有机质、全磷、有效氮是影响功能细菌变化的重要因素,其中有效氮与芽孢杆菌属、分枝杆菌属呈显著水平以上相关性.本研究表明鄱阳湖沙地植被恢复措施提升了固氮细菌的丰富度,但不同植被土壤解磷细菌群落变化差异大;研究结果可为沙地治理提供科学依据.(图6表3参34)     

干湿比对砂土地下渗滤系统净化能力的影响

通过搭建以砂土为主的地下渗滤系统,考察不同干湿比条件对地下渗滤系统污染物净化能力的影响。在水力负荷为0.08 m3/(m2·d)时,设5种运行条件,分别为连续运行及4个干湿比条件(1∶2、1∶1、2∶1、3∶1)。研究表明:干湿运行对地下渗滤系统的净化能力影响显著,其中干湿比为1∶1时污染物净化效果最好,COD、氨氮、TN、TP去除率分别达到90%、95%、70%、85%。建议北方以砂质土壤为主的地区采用地下渗滤系统处理污水时,稳定运行最佳干湿比为1∶1。