提高循环水浓缩倍数节水减排方案探讨

针对川西北某轻烃厂循环冷却水水质的特点,拟采用无磷药剂配方将循环水浓缩倍数从3．0提高到5．0,并新增软水处理系统作为循环水补水,从而达到优化水质、节水减排的目的。针对浓缩倍数提高引起得的水质稳定难题提出相应的技术方案,最终达到改善水质,保护水环境,节水减排的效果。     

区域声环境质量污染水平预测方法评价与对比研究

为完成北京市“十二五”城市区域的主要声污染防治工作目标,全面提高北京市声环境质量水平,科学预测区域内在“十二五”期间噪声污染水平和发展趋势,本文以北京市某典型区域作为研究对象,在收集大量相关资料与实测历史噪声数据的基础上,运用指数平滑法与灰色模型GM（1,1）对所选定研究区域的噪声污染水平与发展趋势进行预测与分析。研究结果表明：运用指数平滑法与灰色模型对研究区域声环境噪声污染预测是可行的,北京市在“十二五”期间声环境质量水平符合《声环境质量标准》（GB3096—2008）中的一类区域标准。     

污染环境罪司法适用争议问题研究

《刑法修正案（八）》颁布实施后,污染环境罪适用已经一年有余,然而一些争议问题仍未厘清,尤其是主观罪过形态以及严格责任问题,理论界和司法实践中还存在不同的认识。笔者认为,将污染环境罪认定为过失犯罪不存在理论上的不恰切,相反更符合刑法罪责刑相适应的原则。同时严格责任在我国刑法中没有适用的空间。     

Deriving Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Standards

Achieving and maintaining the water quality conditions necessary to protect the aquatic living resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries has required a foundation of quantifiable water quality criteria. Quantitative criteria serve as a critical basis for assessing the attainment of designated uses and measuring progress toward meeting water quality goals of the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership. In 1987, the Chesapeake Bay Program partnership committed to defining the water quality conditions necessary to protect aquatic living resources. Under section 303(c) of the Clean Water Act, States and authorized tribes have the primary responsibility for adopting water quality standards into law or regulation. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership worked with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop and publish a guidance framework of ambient water quality criteria with designated uses and assessment procedures for dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and chlorophyll a for Chesapeake Bay and its tidal tributaries in 2003. This article reviews the derivation of the water quality criteria, criteria assessment protocols, designated use boundaries, and their refinements published in six addendum documents since 2003 and successfully adopted into each jurisdiction's water quality standards used in developing the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load.     

Approaches to developing risk management objectives: an analysis of international strategies

Risk assessment/management frameworks employed around the world to guide environmental decision-making were analyzed for their approaches to developing risk management objectives and the decision criteria necessary for environmental policy implementation. Frameworks from the Netherlands, the UK, Sweden, Australia/New Zealand, Canada, and the USA were considered. Progress in refining the scientific basis for risk assessment/management has been made, but there has been little parallel development in defining the mechanisms by which available scientific information may be used to define risk management goals or identify and select between management options using a priori decision criteria. The lack of detailed guidance on the setting and achievement of risk management goals that appropriately balance technical information and public input remains an important challenge to the use and practice of all risk assessment/management frameworks.     

秦岭火地塘森林水质的季节性变化特征

在秦岭火地塘林区选择2个闭合小流域及2个支沟集水区,对流域出口径流及支沟集水区溪流水pH值及水化学成分进行了8 a的测试,采用机理分析方法,就森林水质的季节性变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,林区径流pH值在7.1～8.4之间,冬、春季较高,夏、秋季较低,总体上水呈弱碱性;NO-3浓度春季和初夏较高,NH 4冬季和初春较高,PO3-4冬季与夏季较高;K 浓度春、秋季较高,Na 浓度则9月最大,8月最小;Ca2 浓度以6月和10月较高,年内变化范围19.4～44.3 mg·L-1,Mg2 则3月较高,年内变化范围2.18～5.25 mg·L-1;Cd浓度随季节的变化以1～4月较高,Pb浓度12、1月较高,但Cd、Pb均以秋季较低,年内变化范围分别为0.019～0.326 5 μg稬-1和0.217～3.886 μh稬-1;Mn浓度5、12月较高,Fe浓度春季较高,Zn则以3、8月较高.林区径流水质属Ⅰ类,相对而言,水质随季节的变化以秋季较好,冬、春季较差.     

三峡水库主要支流沉积物的磷吸附/释放特性

以三峡水库主要支流寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物为对象,通过连续提取法分析4种沉积物磷的赋存形态,模拟研究了pH和温度对不同沉积物磷吸附/释放的影响.结果表明,寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪表层沉积物磷赋存形态均以无机磷为主(占总磷含量的59.29%～78.82%),其中钙结合态磷(Ca-P)含量大于铁/铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P).上覆水pH值对沉积物磷释放有明显的影响,中性条件下磷释放量最低,酸性条件下由于占优势的Ca-P大量溶解导致磷释放量大于碱性条件,因此,水体酸化易增加三峡主要支流(寸滩、小江、大宁和香溪)的磷释放风险.pH值变化亦明显影响沉积物对于磷的吸附,pH在6～8范围内,4种沉积物对于磷的吸附量保持在较高的水平,吸附量从大到小的顺序为:小江大宁寸滩香溪.偏酸性条件(pH6)下过多的H 与固体表面竞争溶解态活性磷(SRP);偏碱性条件(pH>8)下大量的OH->与SRP竞争沉积物表面的吸附位,故这-pH值范围内(pH<6或pH>8)磷的吸附量明显减少.磷在4种沉积物上的吸附为吸热过程,不同温度下(278K、293K、303K)沉积物对P的吸附均符合修正后的Langmuir模型,标准吸附热为18.92～46.63 kJ·mol-1其中,磷从水体分配到大宁河沉积物中的标准吸附热最大.     

静电除尘器的粉尘非稳态收集过程

为了全面揭示电除尘器粉尘非稳态收集过程,建立完整的非稳态静电收尘理论,根据静电学基本原理,研究了极板粉尘层电荷导人、积累、释放的过程,推导出随粉尘层厚度增长而改变的动态收尘电场强度计算公式,进而得到荷电粒子动态驱进速度公式,最终形成静电除尘非稳态收集理论.研究结果表明,在静电收尘过程中,粒子驱进速度与粉尘比电阻、工作电压、粉尘层厚度等多种因素有关;随粉尘比电阻的升高,收尘效率下降,当供电电压为最佳工作电压时收尘效率最高.针对不同比电阻粉尘进行了多项实验研究,实验结果与理论研究结果吻合.非稳态静电收尘理论成功地解释了实际静电收尘过程中与传统静电收尘理论相矛盾的地方,为静电除尘器的设计及其运行参数的选取提供了更为科学的理论基础.     

近25年雅鲁藏布江中游蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素的变化

采用气候倾向率方法,对西藏雅鲁藏布江(下称"雅江")中游1981~2005年14个气象站年、季小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响气候因子的变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明:近25年西藏雅江中游年蒸发皿蒸发量在流域绝大部分站点均呈现显著的减少趋势,平均减幅为109.92mm,以夏季减少趋势最明显。影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要气候因子日照时数、平均风速呈现显著下降趋势,平均相对湿度、降水量表现为显著增加,平均气温显著升高,平均最低气温的升温速率(0.52℃/10a)明显比平均最高气温的升温速率(0.23℃/10a)大,导致气温日较差减少(-0.29℃/10a)。因此,雅江中游年日照时数和平均风速的显著下降,以及年平均相对湿度的明显增加可能是年蒸发皿蒸发量显著下降的主要原因,平均气温日较差的显著减小和降水量的增加在蒸发量减少趋势中的作用也不可忽视。     

Geological emission of methane from the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China

A static flux chamber method was applied to study natural emissions of methane into the atmosphere in the Yakela condensed oil/gas field in Talimu Basin, Xinjiang, China. Using an online method, which couples a gas chromatography/high-temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/MS) together, the 13C/12C ratios of methane in the flux chambers were measured. The results demonstrated that methane gases were liable to migrate from deep oil/gas reservoir to the surface through microseepage and p...