COARSE WOODY DEBRIS AND CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY: A FLUME STUDY1

ABSTRACT: In recent years, logs and other structures have been added to streams for the purposes of altering channel morphology to improve fish habitat. This flume study was conducted to evaluate the effects of coarse woody debris on local channel morphology. Wooden dowels were used to simulate the effects of individual logs in a stream, and scour depth and surface area were determined at the end of each test run. The maximum scour depth was significantly correlated (90 percent confidence level) with both the vertical orientation of the dowels and the channel opening ratio; the scour surface area was significantly correlated (90 percent confidence level) with both the flow depth and the vertical orientation. Upstream-oriented dowels caused relatively large streambed scour and also deflected flows toward the streambank. Downstream-oriented dowels generally caused less bed scour and appeared to provide better bank protection because flow was generally deflected from the bank. In conjunction with data from field studies, these results provide information on the effects of orientation, hydraulic function, and relative stability of coarse woody debris in streams.     

流态变化对污水管网沉积污染物分布及转化的影响

为探明城市污水汇流管网流速变化对沉积层污染物及生物菌群演替的影响,通过控制污水管道中试系统中干管、支管流速,模拟了不同汇流条件下城市污水管网系统运行状态,探究了不同汇流条件下沉积层碳、氮、硫类污染物的分布特征以及微生物种群结构的分布规律.结果表明,在不同汇流条件下,COD、TN、NH₃-N、NO₃-N、硫酸盐含量沿沉积层深度方向均逐渐减小,而硫化物含量逐渐升高.当干管、支管流速均增加时,促进了汇流区域不同深度污染物的沉积富集,但由于DO、ORP环境因子的改变,以及流速的增大,将沉积层中原有的碳源基质剥离到污水中,减少了微生物可利用的营养物质,同时造成沉积层内部溶解氧含量的上升,沉积层中产甲烷菌（MA）中优势菌属Methanosaeta、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）中优势菌属Desulfomicrobium、水解发酵菌（FB）中优势菌属Caldisericum的相对丰度逐渐降低,硫氧化细菌（SOB）中优势菌属Thiobacillus相对丰度增加,显著影响了沉积污染物的转化特性.污水管网汇流区域流态是改变污水水质及管道微生物系统的重要因素.     

城市污水管网中污染物冲刷与沉积规律

为探明城市污水管网中污染物的冲刷与沉积规律,对西安市污水管网进行实际调研,结果表明,污水支管和干管的沉积物厚度时变化较大,变化量分别为0~24 mm和0~12 mm,管道污水中颗粒态污染物发生沉积和冲刷的概率高;而污水主干管的沉积物厚度时变化较小,管道内颗粒物沉积与沉积物冲刷水平维持相对平衡.为进一步明确污水中污染物浓度变化与水流流速的关系,建立了污水管道冲刷与沉积模拟中试装置,研究了不同流速下管道中碳(有机)、氮、磷三类污染物含量和粒径分布的变化规律.结果表明,随着污水流速的增加,冲刷强度增大,管道中污染物浓度急剧升高,通过粒径分布监测结果可知,管道中有机污染物易存在于粒径较大的颗粒物上,氮、磷类污染物易吸附在粒径较小的颗粒物上;当流速小于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,污水中颗粒态污染物的沉积作用大于冲刷作用,发生物理沉积,造成污水中碳源不足,当流速大于0.6 m·s~(-1)时,水流冲刷强度增大,沉积物被水流大量携带,但污水中碳类有机污染物的增加比重大于氮和磷类污染物,使现有污水碳源不足得到改观,利于生物脱氮除磷工艺的碳源需求.     

泥石流排导槽磨蚀行为特征研究

磨蚀损坏是泥石流排导槽失效的重要诱因之一.对排导槽底面受泥石流冲刷而产生磨蚀的研究现状进行总结,并基于摩擦磨损理论分析排导槽的磨蚀系统特征,以期促进泥石流排导槽磨蚀损坏的机理研究及抗磨蚀结构的研发应用.通过泥石流排导槽磨蚀的野外现象考察和理论分析,总结了磨蚀系统构成、磨蚀影响因素、磨蚀形貌和磨蚀行为特征.结果表明,泥石...     

The impact of storm events on a riverbed system and its hydraulic conductivity at a site of induced infiltration

The spatial and temporal variability of riverbed vertical hydraulic conductivity (K(v)) was investigated at a site of induced infiltration, associated with a municipal well field, to assess the impact of high-stage events on scour and subsequently the riverbed K(v). Such impacts are important when considering the potential loss of riverbank filtration capacity due to storm events. The study site, in and along the Great Miami River in southwest Ohio, overlaid a highly productive glacial-outwash aquifer. A three-layer model for this system was conceptualized: a top layer of transient sediment, a second layer comprising large sediment resistant to scour, but clogged with finer sediment (the armor/colmation layer), and a third layer that was transitional to the underlying higher-K(v) aquifer. One location was studied in detail to confirm and quantify the conceptual model. Methods included seepage meters, heat-flow modeling, grain-size analyses, laboratory permeameter tests, slug tests and the use of scour chains and pressure-load cells to directly measure the amount of sediment scour and re-deposition. Seepage meter measured riverbed K(v) ranged from 0.017 to 1.7 m/d with a geometric mean of 0.19 m/d. Heat-transport model-calibrated estimates were even lower, ranging from 0.0061 to 0.046 m/d with a mean of 0.017 m/d. The relatively low K(v) was indicative of the clogged armor layer. In contrast, slug tests in the underlying riverbed sediment yielded K(v) values an order of magnitude greater. There was a linear relationship between scour chain measured scour and event intensity with a maximum scour of only 0.098 m. Load-cell pressure sensor data over a 7-month period indicated a total sediment-height fluctuation of 0.42 m and a maximum storm-event scour of 0.28 m. Scour data indicated that the assumed armor/colmation layer almost always remained intact. Based on measured layer conductivities and thicknesses, the overall K(v) of this conceptualized system was 1.6 m/d. Sensitivity analyses indicated that even complete scour of the armor/colmation layer would likely increase the overall K(v) only by a factor of 1.5. Most scour events observed removed only the transient sediment, having very little effect on the entire system indicating low risk of losing filtration capacity during storms. The research, however, focused on the point bar, depositional side of the river. More research of the entire river profile is necessary.     

THE STABILITY OF BLOCKS SUBJECTED TO PLUNGING WATER JETS

Laboratory observations were made on the stability of cubical blocks subjected to plunging water jets. The blocks were placed in a plunge basin at the base of a flip bucket. A dimensionless equation was derived and a nomogram was drawn to facilitate its solution. The results can be applied to determine the size of stones required to armor a plunge basin or scour hole.     

LOCAL SCOUR AROUND CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS1

ABSTRACT: Several predictors for the maximum local scour around cylindrical objects are compared to available experimental data. The range of flow parameters for which these formulas are valid are presented. The best predictors among those compared in this study were identified. Based on the available data a formula for estimating local scour around cylindrical objects is also given.     

MOUND FORMATION AT CULVERT OUTLETS1

ABSTRACT One component of the local scour process near a culvert outlet is the formation of an aggraded mound downstream of the scour area. This investigation presents a series of observations and empirical relationships depicting the formation, growth, and estimated maximum dimensions of a mound in a uniformly graded sand material due to clear water scour. The maximum dimensions of the mound were correlated to the discharge intensity (Qg^-0.5 D^-2.5), the maximum dimensions of the scour hole, time, and tailwater elevation. The concept of an approximate area of scour influence was developed relating the mound width, scour hole length, and mound length as a function of the culvert diameter and discharge intensity.     

A COMPARISON OF SINGLE‐CELL AND MULTICELL CULVERTS FOR STREAM CROSSINGS1

ABSTRACT: Single‐barrel culverts are a common means of roadway crossings for smaller streams. While this culvert design provides an economical solution for a crossing, the adverse effects of conveying the stream through a single opening can be far reaching. The single‐barrel culvert is typically sized for a design storm much greater than the channel forming discharge. This oversizing causes an interruption of the normal flow patterns and sediment transport for the system. Shallow depths at low flow in the pipe and perching at the outlet can impede fish passage. Multicell culverts (where the main culvert at the channel invert is sized for bankfull discharge, and additional pipes are placed at the floodplain elevation to convey overbank flow up to the design discharge) have been recommended as a best management practice to minimize erosion and improve fish passage. This flume study scaled a prototype single‐barrel culvert to both a single‐cell model, and a multicell design to compare outlet scour and flow depths within the culvert. The results provide designers and planners with evidence of the benefits of multicell culverts to justify the higher cost of installation compared to single‐barrel culverts.     

丁坝工程冲刷与防护措施研究综述

丁坝是一种典型的河道整治建筑物,在控导工程中被广泛应用,实际工程中对于丁坝冲刷与防护的研究尤为重要,关系到丁坝的稳定与安全。本文系统的回顾了国内外丁坝工程冲刷与防护安全的研究进展,重点从机理研究、原型观测、物理模型、数值模拟和防护措施等五个方面对丁坝冲刷及防护的研究成果进行综述,总结分析了国内外丁坝冲刷的理论研究动态及存在的不足,并提出大致的研究思路以期为后续的丁坝冲刷与防护相关问题的研究提供科学建议。