电子产品环境应力筛选方法的分析与探讨

环境应力筛选是电子产品生产的一个有效地工艺手段,掌握环境应力筛选的方法,确定合理的温度、振动等环境应力参数,可以使环境应力筛选达到事半功倍的效果。综合运用筛选过程中获得的数据,可以为产品的故障排除、性能设计、工艺水平、可靠性的提高提供有效依据。     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Sediment, Suspended Matter and Water Samples in the Upper Danube River. A pilot study in search for the causes for the decline of fish catches (12 pp)

Goals, Scope and Background Fish populations, especially those of the grayling (Thymallus thymallus), have declined over the last two decades in the upper Danube River between Sigmaringen and Ulm, despite intensive and continuous stocking and improvement of water quality since the 1970s. Similar problems have been reported for other rivers, e.g. in Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States and Canada. In order to assess if ecotoxicological effects might be related to the decline in fish catch at the upper Danube River, sediment, suspended matter and waste water samples from sewage treatment plants were collected at selected locations and analyzed in a bioanalytical approach using a battery of bioassays. The results of this pilot study will be used to decide if a comprehensive weight-of-evidence study is needed. Methods Freeze-dried sediments and suspended particulate matters were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet apparatus. Organic pollutants from sewage water were concentrated using XAD-resins. In order to investigate the ecotoxicological burden, the following bioassays were used: (1) neutral red assay with RTL-W1 cells (cytotoxicity), (2) comet assay with RTLW1 cells (genotoxicity), (3) Arthrobacter globiformis dehydrogenase assay (toxicity to bacteria), (4) yeast estrogen screen assay (endocrine disruption), (5) fish egg assay with the zebrafish (Danio rerio; embryo toxicity) and (6) Ames test with TA98 (mutagenicity). Results and Discussion The results of the in vitro tests elucidated a considerable genotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic, bacteriotoxic, embryotoxic and estrogenic burden in the upper Danube River, although with a very inhomogeneous distribution of effects. The samples taken from Riedlingen, for example, induced low embryo toxicity, but the second highest 17β-estradiol equivalent concentration (1.8 ng/L). Using the fish egg assay with native sediments, a broad range of embryotoxic effects could be elucidated, with clear-cut dose-response relationships for the embryotoxic effects of contaminated sediments. With native sediments, embryotoxicity was clearly higher than with corresponding pore waters, thus corroborating the view that – at least for fish eggs – the bioavailability of particle-bound lipophilic substances in native sediments is higher than generally assumed. The effect observed most frequently in the fish egg assay was a developmental delay. A comparison of our own results with locations along the rivers Rhine and Neckar demonstrated similar or even higher ranges of ecotoxicological burdens in the Danube River. Conclusions The complex pattern of ecotoxicological effects caused by environmental samples from the Danube River, when assessed in an in vitro biotest battery using both acute and more specific endpoints, showed that integration of different endpoints is essential for appropriate hazard assessment. Overall, the ecotoxicological hazard potential shown has indeed to be considered as one potential reason for the decline in fish catches at the upper Danube River. However, based on the results of this pilot study, it is not possible to elucidate that chemically induced alterations are responsible for the fish decline. Recommendations and Perspective . In order to confirm the ecological relevance of the in vitro results for the situation in the field and especially for the decline of the grayling and other fishes, further integrated investigations are required. For linking the weight of evidence obtained by in vitro assays and fish population investigations, the application of additional, more specific biomarkers (e.g. vitellogenin induction, EROD and micronucleus assay) has been initiated in fish taken from the field as well as in situ investigations.     

K、Na、Ca的碳酸盐细粉对烟幕残留物的自净化效果

针对海上大量使用的军用烟幕残留物的严重污染问题，研究了便于实施的基于碳酸盐细粉的自净化法。通过实验室实验和现场实装试验，探讨不同种类、不同粒径的碳酸盐细粉的净化效果，确定原烟幕施放器改造后的施放参数。研究表明，用150目过筛的K、Na和Ca的碳酸盐细粉，由专门改造的引射式烟幕施放器自动混合施放，可保证在烟幕有效作用时间后5min内使残留物完全转化成无毒无污染的产物，最后讨论了自净化的机理和碳酸盐种类的具体选用方法。该方法既圆满地解决了污染问题，又很好地保证了烟幕原有的优良特性，具有重要的环保价值，也是在军事运用中强调环保的一种有益尝试。     

某商场分散式排烟系统设计的探讨

以某大型综合性商场为例,运用建筑防火性能化设计理论和方法,对商场的排烟系统进行了分析计算,在数值模拟计算的基础上提出改进意见,并针对商场的不同部分的建筑结构特点给出不同的防排烟措施,以达到最佳的排烟效果.     

矿井出入口智能检控系统的设计与实现

本文在分析国内煤矿井口安全监控系统的技术现状和矿井安全生产需求的基础上,结合四川中小煤矿企业的井口安全管理需要,提出了一种集人员考勤和危险源管理功能于一体的矿井出入口检控系统的设计方案。系统将活体指纹识别、视频技术与井口检控有机结合起来,实现出入井人员活体指纹考勤功能、对井下各地点安全隐患排查数据录入、分类整理、督促整改、隐患预警、查询、隐患打印、隐患复查等隐患治理控制功能,从根本上解决小煤矿管理不到位、技术人员缺乏、工作效率低等问题。加强了矿井安全管理力度,为安全隐患排查治理工作的规范、科学、高效提供了强有力保障。     

江苏某地长江、太湖水源水及出厂水中有机物雌激素活性的比较

于2010年10月～2012年3月期间4次采集江苏WX和SZ地区长江、太湖水源水及相关自来水厂出厂水共43个水样,通过XAD-2树脂吸附、洗脱、浓缩其中的非挥发性有机物(nonvolatile organic compounds,NVOCs);应用重组酵母雌激素筛检试验(recombinant yeast estrogen screen,YES试验)检测和比较水中有机物雌激素活性水平.结果表明所有长江、太湖水源水样均具有雌激素活性,太湖水源水的雌二醇当量(EEQs)为0.04～2.07 ng.L-1,EC25-E2水样量为5.78～207.98 mL,长江水源水的雌二醇当量(EEQs)为0.69～1.15 ng.L-1,EC25-E2水样量为9.06～31.62 mL;SZ地区太湖水源水中具类雌激素内分泌干扰物的污染程度(0.69 ng.L-1)高于WX地区(0.44 ng.L-1);长江、太湖水源水经自来水厂常规净水工艺处理后,58.3%的出厂水样未检出雌激素活性,长江水源自来水厂可降低雌激素活性80.3%～100%,而太湖水源自来水厂可降低55.5%～100%.     

拟合综合指数筛选普查区域的主要废水污染物

同一污染物不同的污染源排放标准均不一样,对于污染源普查得到的汇总排放量难以用排放标准进行等标污染负荷比较和筛选区域或流域的主要污染物。本文从污染物排放量、受纳水体流量和水环境质量标准三者关系上着手,以受纳水体质量标准值与流量乘积拟合一个综合指数进行等标污染负荷比较,能准确、快速、简便地筛选出该区域或该水体的主要污染物,并具有理论依据和科学性。     

检测2,4-D的一次性安培型免疫传感器

2,4-D是广泛使用的除草剂,以2,4-D为检测目标,研究了安培型免疫传感器.首先采用1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC)作为交联剂制备2,4-D与BSA以及PLL的偶联物.用结合比1∶16的2,4-D与偶联物制备兔抗血清.免疫传感器的制备包括2个步骤,使用丝网印刷工艺制备一次性碳电极,然后通过戊二醛交联在电极表面固定2,4-D与多聚赖氨酸(PLL)的偶联物.待测水样与2,4-D抗血清和HRP酶标二抗进行间接免疫竞争反应.在HRP酶在邻苯二胺和H₂O₂的共同作用下发生酶促反应,检测还原电流以反映2,4-D的浓度.试验了不同浓度抗血清和酶标二抗对检测信号的影响,结果表明,2,4-D的检测下限达到1.69ng/mL,线性区间1.69～30 000ng/mL,适合饮用水中2,4-D的检测要求.