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991.
Participation in decision-making has successively developed into a guiding principle at both EU and national level. However, diverse perspectives exist on what the role of different interests in participative processes should be, and the legal rules regarding participation varies between different sectors; from clearly defined to virtually non-existent requirements. This may have adverse effects on the legitimacy of decisions and decision-making. This paper reviews the role of participation in the planning process in relation to natural resource development in Sweden, as guided by EU and international law. Based on the notion of effective participation, the study illustrates the potential clashes that may result from different conceptions of participation, for instance, at various levels of governance, as well as from disparate principles for implementation in different sectors. 相似文献
992.
生态流量保障的重难点在于流域生态流量不足问题的妥善解决。生态流量不足基于产生的原因可分为“自然型”和“人为型”。“人为型”生态流量不足的根源在于《水法》第4条规定的三生用水关系未得到妥善处理,实质上是水资源分配和管理不合理所致。具体表现为水资源保护理念镶嵌在制度表层、生态流量缺乏核心制度保障、流域规划匮乏强效监督机制、流域水资源分配信息公开不足、末端行政考核制度偏重水质管控、生态用水制度顶层设计与地方实施间落差巨大等。流域立法作为立法体系的中间环节,对上位法具有填补协调功能,对地方立法具有引领指导作用。建议在流域立法过程中,通过制度设计解构流域生态流量保障现存的制度困境,主要包括以下几个方面:一是完成流域特有保护理念到实体制度的转型。二是基于流域生态修复、水资源生态红线管控制度的开展以及有效衔接规划环境影响评价制度的需要,建立生态流量管控指标制度体系不可或缺。三是基于流域规划对三生用水的初始分配性,将生态流量供给纳入流域规划体系中,从水资源分配初始阶段保障生态流量,同时强化流域水资源规划制度的监督机制,健全规划制定的程序性规范,明确科学考察和调查评价人员的构成规则、方式及模式。四是依法加深政府信息公开程度保障公众的知情权、参与权及监督权。五是完善行政考核制度体系强化对生态流量供给的考核。 相似文献
993.
994.
灰色系统理论在湖泊水质预测建模中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文将灰色系统理论应用于湖泊水质预测建模研究,提出了湖泊水质预测的建模方法,并建立了某湖化学需氧量(COD)的GM(1,1)预测模型。 相似文献
995.
根据江西省2013年采集的16582个农田耕层(0~20 cm)土壤样点数据,运用实地调查、经典统计学与地统计学等相结合方法,研究了江西省耕地土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征的空间变异性及不同农田利用方式对其的影响.研究结果表明:江西省耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)平均含量分别为17.90、1.58和0.52 g·kg~(-1),土壤碳氮比(C∶N)、碳磷比(C∶P)和氮磷比(N∶P)平均值分别为11.72、38.29和3.38,土壤C∶N∶P比平均值为34.44∶3.03∶1,说明P是江西省耕地土壤主要的限制因素.此外,由于碳、氮、磷三者之间并不存在显著的两两相关性,表明江西省耕地土壤中不存在稳定的"Redfield ratio";半方差函数表明,江西省土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量特征具有中等程度的空间变异性,其空间变异特征主要受到随机性因素的影响;经ANOVA检验显示,不同农田利用方式对土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征影响显著(p0.05),土壤SOC和TN平均含量依次表现为:两季水田水旱轮作一季水田一季旱地两季旱地,土壤TP平均含量依次表现为:两季旱地两季水田一季水田一季旱地水旱轮作,土壤C∶N依次表现为:两季水田两季旱地一季水田水旱轮作一季旱地,土壤C∶P平均值依次表现为:水旱轮作两季水田一季水田一季旱地两季旱地,土壤N∶P平均值依次表现为:水旱轮作一季旱地两季水田一季水田两季旱地.总体而言,土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的变化特征是农田利用方式和环境因子综合作用的结果,土壤C∶N∶P比对土壤碳、氮、磷储量及养分的限制性具有重要的指示作用. 相似文献
996.
GIS ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE ROSETTA AREA, EGYPT TO IMPACTS OF SEA RISE 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
A study of the area, including Rosetta city and the estuary of the river Nile (Rosetta branch), has been carried out for assessment of the impact of sea level rise (slr). A geographic information system (GIS) has been built including layers of land use, topography, archeological sites, land cover and population. Analysis of data has been carried out to assess vulnerability of various land use and land cover classes to the impact of sea level rise.Because the area under study has geomorphic relief profiles just over the sea level, inundation of total land could reach 26% of total study area due to only half a meter rise in sea level. This lost area includes 32% of urban clusters mainly used for human shelter and contains 52% of present monuments, 25% of valuable high quality dense palm trees cultivation, 75% of beaches and 19% of lands suitable, 25% of valuable high quality dense palm trees cultivation, 75% of beaches and 19% of lands suitable for agricultural reclamation (although suffering from salt water intrusion and soil salinization). This is expected to cause a significant impact on the present population, economic activities, total regional revenue, and also on tourism. At 1.1 m sea level rise, 72% to total study area could be inundated. This area contains all beaches, half of the palm cultivation, 43% of total urban clusters, which includes 81% of the monumental sites and historic buildings.Other environmental problems such as solid waste management, sanitary disposal network, deteriorating conditions of some monumental structures, in addition to the sea level rise act negatively on the environmental quality of the urban community. Future plans for urban expansion in the area must be studied carefully in order to preserve valuable palm lands and maintain and protect monuments and historic sites which help the promotion of tourism. An environmental management program is essential for upgrading tourism, promoting urban development and protecting coastal lands. 相似文献
997.
基于图论的水库群洪水预报调度系统的集成研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
鉴于水库群洪水预报调度系统集成管理将是今后重要的研究方向,利用图论分析方法,把水库群概化成一张有向图,运用邻接表、邻接矩阵和关联矩阵进行拓扑分析解决了水库群的集成问题。并以图论为基础,利用方案关联表进行方案的拓扑分析,降低了方案管理的复杂性,便于用户使用与管理。实际应用表明,基于图论设计开发的水库群洪水预报调度系统具有较好的通用性、可扩展性与易维护性。 相似文献
998.
Jansen LJ Carrai G Morandini L Cerutti PO Spisni A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,119(1-3):107-136
In the turmoil of a rapidly changing economy the Albanian government needs accurate and timely information for management of their natural resources and formulation of land-use policies. The transformation of the forestry sector has required major changes in the legal, regulatory and management framework. The World Bank financed Albanian National Forest Inventory project provides an analysis of spatially explicit land-cover/use change dynamics in the period 1991–2001 using the FAO/UNEP Land Cover Classification System for codification of classes, satellite remote sensing and field survey for data collection and elements of the object-oriented geo-database approach to handle changes as an evolution of land-cover/use objects, i.e. polygons, over time to facilitate change dynamics analysis.Analysis results at national level show the trend of natural resources depletion in the form of modifications and conversions that lead to a gradual shift from land-cover/use types with a tree cover to less dense tree covers or even a complete removal of trees. Policy failure (e.g., corruption, lack of law enforcement) is seen as the underlying cause. Another major trend is urbanisation of areas near large urban centres that change urban-rural linkages. Furthermore, after privatisation agricultural areas increased in the hills where environmental effects may be detrimental, while prime agricultural land in the plains is lost to urbanisation.At district level, the local variability of spatially explicit land-cover/use changes shows different types of natural resources depletion. The distribution of changes indicates a regional prevalence, thus a decentralised approach to the natural resources management could be advocated. 相似文献
999.
Urban Air Pollution Patterns, Land Use, and Thermal Landscape: An Examination of the Linkage Using GIS 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article investigates the relationship of local air pollution pattern with urban land use and with urban thermal landscape
using a GIS approach. Ambient air quality measurements for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, total suspended
particles, and dust level were obtained for Guangzhou City in South China between 1981 and 2000. Landsat TM images and aerial
photo derived maps were used to examine city's land use and land cover at different times and changes. Landsat thermal infrared
data were employed to compute land surface temperatures and to assess urban thermal patterns. Relationships among the spatial
patterns of air pollution, land use, and thermal landscape were sought through GIS and correlation analyses. Results show
that the spatial patterns of air pollutants probed were positively correlated with urban built-up density, and with satellite
derived land surface temperature values, particularly with measurements taken during the summer. It is suggested that further
studies investigate the mechanisms of this linkage, and that remote sensing of air pollution delves into how the energy interacts
with the atmosphere and the environment and how sensors see pollutants. Thermal infrared imagery could play a unique role
in monitoring and modeling atmospheric pollution. 相似文献
1000.
Changes of Land Use and of Ecosystem Service Values in Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Wang Z Zhang B Zhang S Li X Liu D Song K Li J Li F Duan H 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2006,112(1-3):69-91
Agricultural activities, especially reclamation, are considered major threats to the wetland ecosystems in Sanjiang Plain,
the largest concentrated area of the freshwater wetlands in China. In the past decades, the area of the cultivated land and
its grain production have been increased at the cost of wetlands shrinkage. The large-scale land reclamation severely affected
the ecosystems in this region. However, such effects at the regional scale are seldom evaluated quantitatively. We used three
datasets of LANDSAT MSS and/or TM imagery to estimate the area changes and the transition of land use types from 1980 to 2000.
We also valued changes in ecosystem services delivered by each land category using value coefficients published by Costanza
et al. [Nature 387, 1997, 253–260]. Sensitivity analysis suggested that these estimates were relatively robust. Finally, the contribution
of various ecosystem functions was ranked to the overall value of the ecosystem services in this study. According to our estimates,
the total annual ecosystem service values in Sanjiang Plain have declined by about 40% between 1980 and 2000 ($156284–182572.18
million in total over 20 years). This substantial decline is largely attributed to the 53.4% loss of wetlands. For individual
ecosystem functions, waste treatment, water supply and disturbance regulation account for more than 60% to the total ecological
values. During those two decades, the contribution of disturbance regulation, cultural and recreation decreased, while the
contribution of water regulation, nutrient cycling, food production, raw materials and climate regulation increased during
the same period. We also put forward a few proposals concerning the future land use policy formulation and sustainable ecosystems.
They are adjusting the ‘food first’ agricultural policy, establishing more nature reserves for wetlands, creating systems
for the rational use of water, harnessing the degraded cultivated land and encouraging eco-tourism. 相似文献