An evaluation of heavy metals contamination in soils from Ganzhou navel orange orchards by geoaccumulation indexes and statistical analysis

Heavy metal pollution in orchard soils is of increasing concern owing to the potential health risk via the food chain. The evaluations of the degree of heavy metal contamination and the potential sources in soils from navel orange orchards in the Ganzhou district were investigated in the present study with the geoaccumulation index and hierarchical cluster analysis. The soil samples were collected from 280 navel orange orchards located in the 18 counties of the Ganzhou district. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples were determined using atomic fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with sample preparation by microwave digestion system. The results of the geoaccumulation index showed that the Ganzhou navel orange orchards were practically uncontaminated with Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Cu, while uncontaminated to moderately contaminated with Ni. The results of cluster analysis indicated that four distinct clusters emerged for 18 sampling counties, and the considerable differences between clusters were derived from the different kinds of polluted substances. Results of the assessment of geoaccumulation index of heavy metals in soils will be helpful for the formulation of strategic sustainable agriculture in Ganzhou navel orchards and improvement of the navel orange yield and quality.     

青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的构成特征

在资料分析和2013年夏秋二季进行的实地调查基础上研究了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系的科属种构成、种的生活型构成、属的地理分布区类型构成,并比较了青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系与青岛崂山种子植物区系、中国种子植物区系属的地理分布区类型构成差异。结果表明,青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有种子植物69科155属228种,有含5种及以上的12个较大科、124个单种属、183种木本植物和45种草本植物,有热带分布属32属、温带分布属95属、世界分布属14属和中国特有属14属。青岛市城市绿地种子植物区系有植物种类丰富多样,木本植物种类多,区系中属、种的分化程度高,属的地理分布区类型多样且具有很典型的温带特征和鲜明的中国特色等特点。     

生草栽培下果园土壤固碳潜力研究

果园是我国南方红壤丘陵区重要的土地利用类型之一,但目前丘陵区果园中存在一些不合理开发、传统粗放式的经营、水土保持技术缺乏等因素,导致水土流失严重,土壤退化严重。寻求合理的土壤管理措施,减少果园水土流失,增加红壤的碳汇功能一直是学术界和生产实践面临的重要问题。本研究以福建尤溪长期定位试验为研究平台,研究顺坡开垦＋清耕、梯台开垦＋清耕、梯台开垦＋套种平托花生Arachis pintoi这3种垦殖方式对红壤果园有机C含量的影响,并利用Jenny模型对不同处理的土壤有机碳动态进行模拟。结果表明,经过14年的垦殖,清耕模式导致土壤容重增大,而梯台生草处理土壤容重比开垦前降低了1.8%;生草栽培不但提高了果园土壤有机碳含量,且生草栽培处理的土壤有机碳储量比清耕处理提高了13.9%～34.7%,其与清耕处理间的差异达到显著性水平;本试验条件下果园土壤有机碳平衡值为16.607~25.608 g/kg,并以此估算得到生草栽培处理0~20 cm土层有机碳储量平衡值为54.801 t/hm2,其固碳潜力为24.6951 t/hm2,分别是顺坡清耕和梯台清耕处理的4.2倍和1.5倍。因此可以认为生草栽培有利于提高土壤的碳汇功能。     

晶种法回收和去除高浓度含氟废水中的氟

以氟化盐厂3 100 mg/L含氟废水为处理对象,提出了以氢氧化钙清液为沉淀剂,添加晶种回收废水中氟化物的新工艺。结果表明,采用氟化钙回收装置对废水进行处理,当Ca/F=1.2∶2、反应终点pH=6.1～6.6时,出水氟离子质量浓度低于20 mg/L,达到国家二级排放标准,氟化钙污泥呈砂状,含水率低,易于回用,氟回收率高于99.5%,可以有效降低氟污染和资源浪费。     

除草剂对苘麻子代萌发和幼苗生长的延迟影响

以我国本土野生植物苘麻为研究对象,通过盆栽和萌发实验,研究了苯磺隆和莠去津2种除草剂施用于苘麻花期对收获种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,苯磺隆和莠去津均对苘麻繁殖具有延续影响.苯磺隆对苘麻的种子萌发百分率和平均发芽时间影响不显著,而使种子萌发初始时间提前或推迟,随着浓度增加变化无规律性.大田推荐剂量浓度的苯磺隆（22.5g ai/hm²）抑制第7天幼苗生长特别是子叶下胚轴生长,而低于大田推荐剂量的6个浓度均促进第7d幼苗生长.大田推荐剂量浓度1/16的莠去津（75g ai/hm²）处理后所获得种子萌发百分率显著高于空白对照和其它处理获得的种子萌发百分率,施用大田推荐剂量（1200g ai/hm²）和大田推荐剂量浓度1/4的莠去津（300g ai/hm²）使种子初始萌发时间显著推迟.莠去津使种子平均发芽时间显著增加,大田推荐剂量浓度1/64（0.35g ai/hm²）和1/4的莠去津抑制第7天幼苗生长.     

天津市“城-郊-乡”样带土壤种子库特征分析

为了解天津市不同地理位置土壤种子库物种组成和群落结构的变化,沿天津市设置＂城区—城郊—远郊＂的生态样带,在6个典型样地选取20个样方进行土壤种子库的采样工作并进行萌发试验。结果表明：土壤种子库的密度、物种组成及群落结构差异性明显,除趋势对应分析后分异出典型的城市土壤种子库、城郊土壤种子库、远郊土壤种子库3种类型。从远郊到城区,土壤种子库的密度递增,相似性指数也递增,而物种丰富度却递减。相比远郊地区,城区、城郊区土壤种子库物种丰富度损失率分别为66.67%、45.23%。城区因城市化水平较高及频繁的人为干扰致使土壤种子库物种呈现匀质化特点,物种多为一年生的耐踩踏草本。城郊区的多样性指数、生态优势度指数、均匀度指数最低,但是种子库密度较大,物种丰富,萌发种子中木本植物可观,适合用于进行植被恢复的试验研究。     

标准化测试种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验的基质应用研究

种子发芽和根伸长毒性试验是研究和评价新化学物质对陆生生物危害性的重要手段之一。为探究在标准化测试中能否使用非推荐基质,以及使用推荐基质时能否用灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,选取8种植物种子在5种基质中进行试验。结果表明,不同基质对种子发芽率的影响较小,但基质较低的养分含量和特殊的物理结构易对部分种子根长形成胁迫,甚至直接制约根系发育。生菜、水稻在5种基质中的发芽率和根长无显著性差异;绿豆、甘蓝、西瓜在酸洗石英砂中的根长分别为25.1、24.5、29.0 mm,在其余4种基质中根长显著缩短;青瓜在吸水纸和发芽纸中发芽率偏低,仅为83.3%;玉米在酸洗石英砂和灭菌石英砂中的发芽率和根长无明显差异,为100%/45.7 mm和93.3%/44.8 mm,其他基质中显著偏低。标准化测试条件下,以推荐的酸洗石英砂上各种子的发芽率和根长为评判依据,生菜和水稻试验可使用本研究中任意基质,绿豆、甘蓝和西瓜试验仅可使用酸洗石英砂作为基质,青瓜和玉米试验可使用干热灭菌法替代酸洗法处理石英砂,并且青瓜试验还可使用滤纸基质。以上结果为测试机构在工作实践中优化试验条件提供理论依据。     

鸡公山种子植物区系和植物资源

鸡公山自然保护区共有种子植物161科639属1450种，其植物区系组成丰富、成分复杂，植物区系成分以温带类型为主并具有明显的南北过渡性质。鸡公山自然保护区内的植物资源可分为8大类，许多植物具有重要的开发利用价值。     

酸雨胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中能量代谢的影响

为探索酸雨胁迫对大豆种子萌发过程中能量代谢的影响,采用pH2.0,2.5,4.0模拟酸雨处理大豆(台湾292)种子,研究不同强度酸雨胁迫对大豆种子呼吸速率,CAT活性,线粒体蛋白与ATP含量及能荷的影响.结果表明,随着酸雨胁迫强度增加(pH≤2.5),上述指标均呈下降趋势.高强度酸雨(pH为2.0)对大豆种子萌发时能量代谢的影响是最大的.     

Enzyme catalyzed biodiesel production from rubber seed oil containing high free fatty acid

Unrefined rubber seed oil contains high levels of free fatty acids and moisture, which make the conventional chemical catalyzed transesterification unsuitable. The method of enzyme catalyzed transesterification is well suited for biodiesel production from rubber seed oil as the enzymes are insensitive to the free fatty acids. In the present work, rubber seed oil was extracted from preserved rubber seed cake by mechanical means. The extraction process was designed and optimized through 2⁴ full factorial design. Extracted oil was subjected to enzymatic transesterification using four different lipases to identify the best one for the purpose. Transesterification process was optimized by considering three influencing variables for biodiesel production viz. methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (% w/v) and solvent content (% v/v). A 2³ full factorial design was applied to design the experiments and optimize the biodiesel production. The interactive effects of the independent variables on biodiesel yield were analyzed and regression models were developed for each set of enzyme reactions. Among the four lipases, Thermomysis Lanugonosus Lipase was found to be the most suitable for the transesterification of rubber seed oil with a biodiesel conversion of 92.83% at a molar ratio of 4% and 5% (w/v) enzyme concentration in solvent free reaction medium.