西南喀斯特环境移民示范区柑橘园水土流失及土壤水分变化

对西南喀斯特地区2种不同建园方式柑橘园水土流失情况进行连续3a的定位监测,并研究了4种类型柑橘园土壤含水量的年动态变化。结果表明,2种不同建园方式柑橘园的土壤流失量逐年减少,坡地柑橘园的年径流系数大于梯地柑橘园;不同类型柑橘园土壤含水量与土壤层次、建园方式及柑橘园成土母质有关;柑橘园土壤含水量与月降雨量呈正相关,应在不同月份对柑橘园采取不同水分调控措施。     

黄土高原成龄苹果园生态系统CO2通量特征

黄土高原地区是中国和世界苹果(Malus demestica)集中连片栽培面积最大的区域,在生态环境改善中发挥了重要作用,然而关于黄土高原地区苹果园生态系统尺度上的碳通量研究很少.在本研究中,利用涡度相关技术对我国陕西黄土高原地区成龄苹果园生态系统的CO_2通量和气象因素进行了观测.基于2016年1月到2016年12月的观测数据,定量分析了此苹果园净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))和生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)不同时间尺度及主要气象因素的变化,探究了光合有效辐射(PAR)和不同层次土壤温度(T_s)、空气温度(T_a)对NEE的影响.结果表明,苹果园生态系统NEE月总量在非果树生长季12、1、2和3月为正值(表现为碳源),生长季(4~11月)均为负值(表现为碳汇),整体表现为强烈的碳汇.生长季NEE月平均日变化在8月出现最大吸收峰[-17.08μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)],11月吸收峰最小[-4.47μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)];在非生长季NEE的月平均日变化非常微弱,昼夜变化不明显.GPP、Reco和NEE日总量的最大值分别为11.12、5.04和-7.34 g·( m~2·d)~(-1).GPP、Reco和NEE月总量的最大值分别为238.97、105.38和-144.44 g·(m~2·月)~(-1),月GPP和NEE总量在5~8月保持相对稳定的高值.全年GPP、Reco和NEE分别为1 223.2、525.2和-698.0 g·(m2·a)-1,表明我国黄土高原地区的成龄苹果园生态系统具有相对较高的固碳能力.夜间生态系统呼吸Reco.n与不同层次土壤温度、空气温度之间呈正相关关系,相关系数表现为T_(s-5 cm)T_(s-10 cm)T_(a-4 m)T_(a-8 m);光合有效辐射PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的80%以上.     

Effect of lime application on microbial community in acidic tea orchard soils in comparison with those in wasteland and forest soils

Lime application is a conventional technology to control acidification in tea orchard soils. We investigated the e ect of lime application on soil microbial community diversity in the soils of three tea orchards, wasteland and forest. The BIOLOG data showed that both the average well color development of all carbon sources and the functional diversity index increased with the liming rate in the tea orchards and the forest, but decreased in the wasteland. The phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis showed that the structural diversity index of soil microbial community increased with the liming rate in all the tea orchards, the wasteland and the forest. Lime application also increased the soil-bacterial PLFA content in all the soils. Soil fungal and actinomycete PLFAs in the tea orchards showed an increasing trend from 0 to 3.2 g CaCO3/kg application and then a decreasing trend from 3.2 to 6.4 g CaCO3/kg application. The principal component analysis of BIOLOG and PLFA data suggested that lime application had a significant e ect on soil microbial community structure, and land use had a greater e ect on soil microbial community structure compared to lime application.     

垃圾渗滤液对黑麦草和高羊茅种子萌发的影响

为了解垃圾渗滤液作培养液时草本植物种子萌发的情况。以黑麦草和高羊茅两种草本植物种子为研究材料,分别研究了垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理站的渗滤液原液、渗滤液生物处理出水以及渗滤液最终出水在6个不同配比的稀释溶液(V渗滤液/V蒸馏水=1/0,3/1,1/1,1/2,1/3,1/4)下对这两种种子萌发的影响。结果显示:随着渗滤液稀释强度的降低,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均增加,V渗滤液/V蒸馏水为1/3时,种子发芽率均为最高,黑麦草种子发芽率达96%,高羊茅种子发芽率达79%。用渗滤液作培养液时,更有利于黑麦草种子的萌发;用最终出水作培养液时,更有利于种子的萌发。这两种不同的渗滤液,在不同配比的稀释浓度下对种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等均具有显著的生理作用。     

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

In the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R²) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.     

Transesterification of Caesalpinia eriostachys seed oil using heterogeneous and homogeneous basic catalysts

Caesalpinea eriostachys seed oil, as a source of triglycerides with potential application for biodiesel production in Mexico is introduced. Its lipid profile obtained by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed saturated and unsaturated glycerol esters as the constituents. Therefore, heterogeneous and homogeneous catalyzed transesterification reactions were assayed employing ZnAl hydrotalcites and KOH, as the catalysts, respectively. The transesterification reactions yielded 59% for Zn/Al(2), 79% for Zn/Al(4), and 90% for KOH, depicting typical behavior, as in biodiesel production data from literature, where Zn-Al hydrotalcites or KOH were assayed. The caloric, density, viscosity values, and fatty acid methyl esters profile from reaction products were concordant to EN 14214, suggesting C. eriostachys as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.     

蓼科药用植物种子发芽的研究

本文报导了不同温度对蓼科药用植物种子萌发和休眠的影响,提出了不同种种子的发芽温度范围、发芽适温、发芽所需天数及发芽率。在中药材生产中掌握不同种种子的发芽适温,确定合适的播种期具有指导意义     

水溶性有机物对土壤中菲的生态毒性影响

采用生物培养和物理化学试验,研究了水溶性有机物(DOM)对土壤中phe生态毒性的影响.结果表明,本研究所用DOM均具有表面活性;小麦根phe毒害的敏感区间为0～200mg/kg,200mg/kg是土壤中phe的50%小麦根伸长抑制率浓度.DOM的存在会降低phe的生态毒性,但是降低程度与其疏水性馏分含量和表面活性有关,且phe生态毒性的降低程度随DOM浓度的增大而增大.本研究的结果说明DOM能减轻土壤中phe的生态毒性.     

回收粉煤灰磁珠在污水处理中的应用

从粉煤灰综合利用角度,探时利用回收粉煤灰中磁珠作磁种,用高梯度磁分离技术进行污水处理的可行性,进一步研究了粉煤灰磁珠粒度组成对污水处理效果的影响。     

镧对酸雨胁迫下水稻种子可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的影响

分别采用pH值为2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5和5.0的模拟酸雨和La(浓度为1mg·l-1)处理水稻种子,测定不同酸雨胁迫下La对水稻种子可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量的影响,结果表明,当酸雨胁迫7d时,随胁迫强度的增加(pH5.0-2.0),可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,而脯氨酸含量逐渐升高.La可缓解pH5.0-3.0胁迫的伤害;但对pH2.5-2.0无明显防御作用.pH4.0时,解除酸雨胁迫(t=5d,3d)后可溶性蛋白含量即时提升(第6天和第4天),La处理亦可提高可溶性蛋白含量,对脯氨酸含量均无明显影响,pH2.5处理过长时(t≥5d),对水稻种子造成不可逆伤害,可溶性蛋白含量小于对照,而脯氨酸含量大于对照,La处理无明显效应;当酸雨处理3d时,可溶性蛋白与脯氨酸含量均显著大于对照,经La处理后均有所提高,表明La丑对酸雨胁迫下水稻种子萌发有一定防御作用.