采用序半连续反应器进行硝化和反硝化工艺的数学模拟

研究了生物废水处理应用于序半连续式反应器(SFBR)工艺中的微生物生长、硝化和反硝化动力学。基于活性污泥1号模型(ASMNo. 1)中的原理和结论,导出了在有氧阶段和缺氧阶段微生物生长速率、铵、硝酸盐、易生物降解基质等的反应速率及它们的物料平衡方程。在实验的基础上,对模型中的各参数采用了合适的方法进行参数估值,即:龙格库塔法解常微分方程组和黄金分割法搜索最小误差,该模型的最小误差ε≈4 799;得出了应用于本工艺中数学模型中的各动力学参数和化学计量系数,如KS 39. 997,KNO 0 .397,KNH 1 997,KOA 0 .404,KOH 0. 297, μA 0 .0026,μH 0. 207,YA 0 .24,YH. 0 6。     

好氧颗粒污泥实现同步硝化反硝化

采用人工配制的模拟生活污水，通过对运行条件的调控，在序批式反应器(SBR)中培养出了高活性的好氧颗粒污泥，颗粒污泥浓度达到4．55g/L以上，SVI值在32.5左右，反应器对于COD、NH3—N的去除率分别在83.6％—92.8％和82.3％—98.5％之间。实验结果表明：由于好氧颗粒污泥的存在，SBR反应器内发生了同步硝化反硝化(SND)反应，而不是通常所认为的顺序式硝化反硝化(SQND)反应。     

The effects of different carbon sources on microbial mediation of arsenic in arsenic-contaminated sediment

Changes in speciation and mobility of As by indigenous bacteria in As-contaminated sediments (339 mg/kg) from an abandoned Au–Ag mine area in Korea were investigated after biostimulation with a variety of carbon sources, including acetate, lactate and glucose in batch experiments. Sequential extraction analysis designed to determine the form of As occurrence revealed that 40 and 47% of As were present in the sediment as Fe-associated and residual fractions, respectively. After 22-day incubation with acetate and lactate, the presence of indigenous bacteria increased the amount of total dissolved As from both Fe-associated and residual fractions in the sediment. More than 99% of dissolved As existed as As(V) in biotic slurries in contrast to sterile controls (less than 50% of total dissolved As), which indicated that indigenous bacteria transformed some dissolved As(III) to As(V). In real environments, depending on the pH, microbially-produced aqueous As(V) may be either immobilized through adsorption or reduced to As(III) after migration to the anoxic subsurface.     

Grafting increases cadmium accumulation in the post-grafting generations of the potential cadmium-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum

ABSTRACT

To determine whether grafting increases cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the post-grafting generation of hyperaccumulator plants, the effects of grafting on Cd accumulation characteristics of post-grafting generations of a potential Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum were evaluated in pot and field experiments. The following four grafting combinations were examined: ungrafted (UG), self-rooted grafting involving one S. photeinocarpum seedling (SG), self-rooted grafting involving two S. photeinocarpum seedling developmental stages (DG), and grafting on wild potato rootstock (PG). Grafting did not induce genetic changes in S. photeinocarpum, and increased the shoot biomass and the amount of Cd extracted by the shoots of the first, second, and third generations of S. photeinocarpum (PG > DG > SG > UG). Additionally, enhanced superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities and increased soluble protein contents of the first post-grafting generation were observed for the DG and PG, whereas only enhanced superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities were observed for the SG. Grafting increased the DNA methylation levels by inducing hypermethylation in the first post-grafting generation (PG > DG > SG > UG). Therefore, grafting can enhance the Cd accumulation (phytoremediation) ability of post-grafting generations of S. photeinocarpum by enhancing DNA methylation levels, especially when wild potato rootstock is used.     

北京市区公路旁尘土中铂族元素的化学形态

用ICP-MS 法检测北京市区公路旁尘土中铂、铑和钯各种形态的含量及总含量.结果表明,北京市区采样点公路旁土壤中铂,铑和钯的总量分别为154.23 ng·g-1,62.77 ng·g-1和 77.97 ng·g-1,其中非残留态的百分比含量为铑(37.82%) ＞钯(27.45%) ＞铂(26.87%);在自然条件作用下可进入地下水和可被植物吸收部分的百分比为铑(29.14%)＞钯(23.87%)＞＞铂(7.92%).     

塿土中可给态镍浸提方法的研究

在前人工作的基础上,应用主成分分析、逐步回归分析和通径分析的方法,提出了(土娄)土中可给态镍的浸提方法及影响可给态镍的土壤性质.结果表明,DTPA浸提法可作为(土娄)土中可给态镍的浸提方法,铁锰氧化物结合态镍是(土娄)土可给镍的主要来源.碳酸盐结合态镍和有机质结合态镍是(土娄)土可给镍的潜在来源.它们在调控可给态镍的储量上起着重要作用.影响(土娄)土可给态镍最重要的土壤性质是pH和E_h_7.     

我国工业危险废物产生特性研究

工业生产是危险废物的主要来源,工业危险废物是世界各国固体废物管理的重要方面.以我国历年环境统计数据为基础,全面分析了我国工业危险废物产生现状和特点.研究了工业危险废物产生量、利用量和处置量、工业危险废物区域和行业分布特点、工业危险废物与工业固体废物的关系、工业危险废物产生量与工业产值的关系及工业危险废物产生的变化趋势等.提出今后我国既要重视对传统的石油化工、化学工业和冶金工业等行业产生的危险废物管理,又要重视对高新技术产业和西部资源省份产生工业危险废物的管理.     

Evaluation of desiccant wheel and prime mover as combined cooling,heating, and power system

In this research heating, cooling and electrical demands of a residential tower are evaluated for Iran various weather conditions. For this purpose, several cities are selected as the representative of the specific weather conditions. To meet the cooling demand, desiccant cooling system plus alternative systems are applied. To analyze desiccant wheel, outlet humidity and temperature have been modeled. Also, the effect of rotational speed and regeneration temperature on entropy generation of the desiccant wheel has been studied based on the obtained results. It is deduced that the entropy generation may be increased by increasing the regeneration temperature and the rotational speed. To regenerate the desiccant wheel, to meet the electrical demand and also to provide heating load, prime mover in the form of internal combustion engine is selected. Since prime movers do not operate in the full load, their performance in the partial load has been evaluated. By taking into consideration the required regeneration heating, the number of required prime movers has been calculated based on the regeneration temperature and partial load for each city. The results show that the number of required prime movers is increased by increasing the regeneration temperature of the wheel.     

基于LCOE模型的光伏发电经济效益分析:以宜昌农村地区光伏扶贫电站项目为例

光伏发电是我国重要的清洁能源发展战略,也是资产收益扶贫的重要方式.为了探讨光伏发电项目对政策的依赖性及其在经济上的可持续性,采用平准化度电成本（LCOE）模型开展研究,并开发出平准化度电净现值（LNPVE）模型用于研究光伏发电项目的长期经济效益及其影响因素.将上网电价与补贴作为效益指标引入LCOE模型,即得到LNPVE,LNPVE为折现度电收入和折现度电成本之差.LNPVE模型不仅能将政策因素引入经济效益分析中,同时还能考虑效益变动,从而分析光伏发电项目的经济可持续性.以宜昌市长阳土家族自治县渔峡口镇村级光伏扶贫电站项目为案例的分析表明,从LCOE模型结果来看,案例项目能够实现经济效益;然而从LNPVE模型结果来看,现行补贴上网电价下案例项目的长期经济效益仍存在不确定性,且这种不确定性随着光伏发电上网电价补贴“退坡”政策的出台而有所强化.敏感性分析结果表明,影响案例项目经济效益的首要因素是技术因素,其次是政策因素,再者是经济因素.若案例项目以无补贴标杆电价平价上网,则需将单位造价降低19.3%或者年利用小时数提高14.8%;若要进一步实现以燃煤发电上网电价平价上网,则需将单位造价降低97.0%或者年利用小时数提高182.1%.因此,应当针对光伏发电特别是村级光伏扶贫项目实施必要的电价补贴,将补贴“退坡”与提高光伏发电效率相结合,并将有针对性地提高补贴效率作为光伏电价补贴的重点,同时高度重视技术改进及推广应用和运营维护的成本降低及质量提高,以持续实现光伏发电项目的经济效益.      

一种高效测试污泥可生物降解性的实验方法研究

污泥的可生物降解性能由其有机组分的生物可及度和组分分子的复杂度共同决定。通过采用化学分级提取方法研究污泥组分的生物可及度,使用不同强度的提取溶液分离出4种化学可及度不同的提取组分,同时结合三维荧光光谱法对各组分中有机物质的复杂度进行分析。分析结果表明:组分的化学可及度与其生物可及度之间存在正相关关系;生物可及度较高,其成分有机物分子结构简单的组分SPOM(soluble particulate organic matter,SPOM)与REOM(readily extractible organic matter,REOM)在厌氧消化过程中降解率较高,分别为59.2%与46.3%的COD;而生物可及度低,组成复杂的组分SEOM(slowly extractible organic matter,SEOM)与PEOM(poorly extractible organic matter,PEOM)的生物降解率分别只有18.4%和5.8%的COD。