Concentrations and chemical forms of potentially toxic metals in road-deposited sediments from di erent zones of Hangzhou, China

The 25 road-deposited sediments were collected from five di erent land-use zones (industrial, residential, commercial, park, and countryside) in Hangzhou, China. The concentrations of metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in these samples were determined using ICP-AES after digestion with the mixture of HNO3-HF-HCl (aqua regia), and chemically fractionated according to the modified BCR (the European Community Bureau of Reference) sequential extraction procedure. The high metal concentration levels were detected in the sample from industrial zone and commercial zone having heavy tra c. While the low metal levels were noted in the street dust sample from residential zone, park, and countryside zone. The mobility sequence based on the sum of the BCR sequential extraction stages was: Zn (80.28%), Pb (78.68%), Cd (77.66%) > Cu (73.34%) > Mn (67.92%) > Co (41.66%) > Ni (30.36%) > Cr (21.56%), Fe (20.86%). Correlation analysis and principal component analysis were applied to the data matrix to evaluate the analytical results and to identify the possible pollution sources of metals. Factor analysis showed that these areas were mainly contaminated by three sources, namely lithology, tra c, and industry.     

Design of reaction conditions for the enhancement of microbial degradation of dyes in sequential cycles

The present study evaluated the potential of white-rot fungal strain Coriolus versicolor to decolorize five structurally di erent dyes in sequential batch reactors under optimized conditions. The experiments were run continuously for seven cycles of 8 d each. High decolorizing activity was observed even during the repeated reuse of the fungus, especially when the old medium was replaced with fresh medium after every cycle. Biodegradation was the dominating factor as the fungus was able to produce the enzyme laccase mainly, to mineralize synthetic dyes. The nutrients and composition of the medium played important roles in sustaining the decolorisation potential of the fungus. Corncob was found be an easy and cheap substitute for carbon source for the fungus. Glucose consumption by the fungus was in accordance to its decolorisation activity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction.     

秸秆发电环保性能研究

文章阐述了国内外秸秆发电现状,并单独突出了江苏省秸秆发电情况。分析了秸秆发电过程中产生污染物的控制技术;通过秸秆与煤炭对比研究,同时结合国内秸秆电厂运行情况,对技术改造前后污染物排放情况作了对比分析,阐明了秸秆发电的环保性能,结果显示,CO2、SO2、烟尘、灰渣减排量可观。最后结合国内秸秆发电厂运行现状不乐观的情况,总结了秸秆发电实际运行中存在成本偏高、核心技术不成熟、灰渣利用等问题。     

Changes in the sorption, desorption, distribution, and availability of copper, induced by application of sewage sludge on Chilean soils contaminated by mine tailings

The effect of mine tailings and sewage sludge was evaluated on sorption, desorption, availability and distribution of copper in two soils, one high (sandy soil) and one low in copper (clay soil). In both soils contaminated by mine tailings the copper sorption capacity and the affinity of the substrate for the metal decreased substantially compared to the uncontaminated soils, however, the sorption remained always high in the clay soil substrates. In the substrates with sandy soil, the high Cu content and lower clay content were determining factors in the lower magnitude of the sorption. Similarly, metal desorption was closely related to these two parameters, and it was higher in clay soil with lower pH. In general, the application of sewage sludge favored the sorption of Cu in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with mine tailings, and in all cases desorption decreased, an effect that remained for at least 30 days. Simple extraction of Cu with CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gave contradictory results, so a careful choice of the procedure is required, depending on the level of metal in the soil and on the acting principle of the extracting agent. In that relation, more complete information on the changes in the metal forms was obtained by application of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference.     

沈阳市老虎冲垃圾填埋场填埋气产量估算

通过选取3种不同的填埋气预测模型：IPCC模型、中国填埋气估算模型、德国模型,结合沈阳市老虎冲填埋场的实际情况,对各参数进行了修订,从而预测老虎冲填埋场填埋气产量情况,并分析比较各模型预测结果。结果表明,2003—2011年,3种模型反映了相同的填埋气变化趋势,趋于上升状态;2012—2025年,由于填埋量发生变化,IPCC模型与中国填埋气估算模型和德国模型的填埋气变化情况相反,呈下降趋势。3种模型预测的填埋气产量的峰值大小为：中国填埋气估算模型为3.3×107m3/a,IPCC模型为2.1×107m3/a,德国模型为9.8×106m3/a。根据实际产气情况进行对比,发现德国模型更符合实际情况。     

玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电研究

以河南某酒精生产企业为例,研究玉米发酵酒精废水厌氧处理产沼气发电系统工艺可行性和环境经济效益。结果表明:经"两级厌氧+好氧+深度处理"污水处理工艺处理后,COD浓度从40 607 mg/L可降到100mg/L以下,出水能够满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)酒精废水二级标准及《城市污水再生利用工业用水水质》(GB/T 19923-2005)回用水水质的要求;厌氧产生沼气净化后,采用内燃式发电机组燃烧发电,日均发电量为45.1万kwh,经济收益明显;理论上沼气发电系统每年可节标煤53 578.8 t,减少40 719.9 t二氧化碳排放,节能减排效果显著。     

Viability of solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation source for Jordan

Viability of solar photovoltaics as an electricity generation source for Jordan was assessed utilising a proposed 5 MW grid‐connected solar photovoltaic power plant. Long‐term (1994–2003) monthly average daily global solar radiation and sunshine duration data for 24 locations – distributed all over the country – were studied and analysed to assess the distribution of radiation and sunshine duration over Jordan, and formed an input to the RetScreen Software for evaluation and analysis of the proposed plant's electricity production and economic feasibility. It was found that depending on the geographical location, the global solar radiation on horizontal surface varied between 1.51 and 2.46 MWh/m²/year with an overall mean value of 2.01 MWh/m²/year for Jordan. The sunshine duration was found to vary, according to the location, between 8.47 and 9.68 hours/day, with a mean value of 9.07 hours/day and about 3311 sunshine hours annually for Jordan. The annual electricity production of the proposed plant varied depending on the location between 6.886 and 11.919 GWh/year, with a mean value of 9.46 GWh/year. The specific yield varied between 340.9 and 196.9 kWh/m², while the mean value was 270.59 kWh/m². Analysis of the annual electricity production of the plant, the specific yield, besides the economic indicators, i.e. internal rate of return, simple payback period, years to positive cash flow, net present value, annual life cycle saving, benefit/cost ratio, and cost of energy – for all sites – showed that Tafila and Karak are the most suitable sites for the solar photovoltaic power plant's development and Wadi Yabis is the worst. The results also showed that an average of 7414.9 tons of greenhouse gases can be avoided annually utilising the proposed plant for electricity generation at any part of Jordan.     

Energy and exergy analysis of a solid-oxide fuel cell power generation system for an aerial vehicle (ISSA- 2015–139)

This paper presents the performance of the solid-oxide fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid power generation system with heat recovery waste unit based on the energy and exergy analyses. The effect of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio on exergy destruction and network output is determined. For the numerical calculations, air inlet temperature and air fuel ratio are increased from 273 to 373 K and from 40 to 60, respectively. The results of the numerical calculations bring out that total exergy destruction quantity increases with the increase of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio. Furthermore, the maximum system overall first and second law efficiencies are obtained in the cases of air inlet temperature and air/fuel ratio equal to 273 K and 60, respectively, and these values are 62.09% and 54.91%.     

北京市工业危险废物产生特性研究

根据对部分企业的实地调查数据、北京市有关单位在2003年的调查数据、2003年北京市企业排污申报登记数据、2003年部分企业危险废物转移联单数据以及结合2001年北京市排污申报登记数据,全面分析了北京市工业危险废物产生总体特性.这些特性包括危险废物的产生量和去向,区域和行业分布特点,产生量与工业总产值的关系等.同时,根据北京百万元产值危险废物产生量进行了预测,结果表明到2010年,北京市危险废物产生量将达到近19.5万吨.     

刁江底泥砷形态的化学分级法与XANES方法比较

采用XANES(X射线近边分析)方法和化学分级法,研究了刁江污染源区尾砂及刁江底泥的砷形态组成特征. XANES方法结果表明,尾砂中砷的形态主要以毒砂(FeAsS)存在,其相对百分含量为63%~99%;而刁江底泥中的砷形态主要是毒砂、砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐,其中毒砂的比例较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征. 化学分级法结果表明,尾砂中砷形态主要是残渣态砷(Res-As),而底泥中的砷主要以铁合态、钙合态及残渣态形式存在. 刁江底泥中毒砂相对百分含量和残渣态砷随着与污染源区距离的增大而减小,砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐则呈相反的趋势. 化学分级法和XANES方法所反映的刁江底泥和污染源的砷形态组成和变化趋势总体上较为一致,但这2种方法所获得的定量数据存在一定的差异.