长沙市夏季大气颗粒物中重金属的形态及其源解析

对长沙市高开区、经开区、开福区以及马坡岭4个采样点夏季的大气颗粒物(TSP)浓度以及颗粒物中的重金属元素Cu、Zn、Mn、Pb和Cd的浓度和形态分布进行了研究分析,利用污染因子(Cf)对重金属元素的可保持能力进行了评价,并利用因子分析方法(PCA)分析TSP中重金属元素的主要来源。结果显示长沙市夏季TSP平均浓度为220.7μg/m3,表明长沙市颗粒物污染较严重。TSP中重金属元素浓度大小顺序为:ZnPbCuMnCd。从形态分布来看,大约63.3%~89.0%的Cu主要存在于可氧化态(F3),而Mn在这一态中分布最少。元素Zn、Cd则主要分布在弱酸提取态,分别占了70%和35%。Pb主要分布在残渣态,大约为24%~43%。由污染因子计算可知Cu、Cd和Zn比Mn、Pb有更高的迁移性。     

Quantifying the influence of humic acid adsorption on colloidal microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand

This article describes an approach for quantifying microsphere deposition onto iron-oxide-coated sand under the influence of adsorbed Suwannee River Humic Acid (SRHA). The experimental technique involved a triple pulse injection of model latex microspheres (microspheres) in pulses of (1) microspheres, followed by (2) SRHA, and then (3) microspheres, into a column filled with iron-coated quartz sand as a water-saturated porous medium. A random sequential adsorption model (RSA) simulated the gradual rise in the first (microsphere) breakthrough curve (BTC). Using the same model calibration parameters a dramatic increase in concentration at the start of the second particle BTC, generated after SRHA injection, could be simulated by matching microsphere concentrations to extrapolated RSA output. RSA results and microsphere/SRHA recoveries showed that 1 μg of SRHA could block 5.90 ± 0.14 × 10⁹ microsphere deposition sites. This figure was consistent between experiments injecting different SRHA masses, despite contrasting microsphere deposition/release regimes generating the second microsphere BTC.     

政府支持垃圾焚烧发电的公共利益分析

阐述了垃圾焚烧发电的公共利益性质,政府支持垃圾焚烧发电是增进公共利益的必然要求,政府应构建支持垃圾焚烧发电常态机制,整合与垃圾焚烧发电相关各方力量,制定科学合理的正负激励政策,以期相关各方为垃圾焚烧发电的贡献最大化,有效增进公共利益。     

太阳能技术在新疆油田的应用研究

以新疆地区太阳能开发优越的自然条件分析为基础,介绍了太阳能发电抽油机技术、供热水的应用,以及太阳能发电供热水的技术原理、系统构成、重要技术参数等。通过实际应用,解析了太阳能利用中最关键的经济效益和节能减排效益两方面的问题,并通过与常规燃煤火力发电技术的对比分析,证明了太阳能发电供热的技术优越性。太阳能发电供热的大规模推广应用,对响应国家节能减排政策,提高油田的节能减排效益和经济效益,创建绿色油气田具有深远的意义。     

以养殖废水为底料的微生物燃料电池产电性能与水质净化效果

以养殖场沼泥为接种物,构建了乙二胺、三氯化铁改性碳毡阳极的单室无膜微生物燃料电池,探讨了2种阳极改性电池的产电规律,考察了其去除养殖废水中COD、氨氮的效果以及臭味的表观性状变化。结果表明,以葡萄糖为底物时,乙二胺、三氯化铁改性阳极微生物燃料电池在启动20 d和22 d后分别达到稳定,输出电压分别为0.514 V和0.527V(外阻为500Ω),对应输出功率密度分别为332 mW/m2和349 mW/m2。逐渐增大废水投加比例至原水时,2个电池的最大功率密度分别为208 mW/m2和158 mW/m2,COD去除率分别为85%和78%,氨氮去除率分别为52%和45%。此外,养殖废水的臭味去除效果明显。因此,构建的2种改性阳极微生物燃料电池可以利用养殖废水产电,同时使水质得到一定程度的净化。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧飞灰金属形态分布比较研究

研究了华南地区某垃圾焚烧厂的除尘器飞灰的化学组成和粒径分布,并采用分级提取法对不同粒径飞灰中的重金属化学形态进行了研究。同时比较了华南、华东、西南地区以及台湾地区垃圾焚烧飞灰的筛下累积分布和不同粒径飞灰中各重金属组成。结果表明,飞灰的组要成分为：CaO、SiO2和SO3等;各地区75%的飞灰粒径都主要集中在38.5～75μm。华南地区各粒径飞灰中挥发性金属（Zn和Pb）含量明显高于其他金属。除Ni和Cr外,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量随粒径减小呈先减少后增大的趋势。华南地区Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb和Cd的含量均高于其他地区（台湾地区除外）。Cu、Zn和Cd的弱酸提取态和可还原态含量较高。高于40%的水溶态Pb表明其对环境有较大潜在危害;40%Ni和Cr主要以残渣态存在,对环境的潜在影响较小。     

Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering1

Caballero, Luis A., Alon Rimmer, Zachary M. Easton, and Tammo S. Steenhuis, 2012. Rainfall Runoff Relationships for a Cloud Forest Watershed in Central America: Implications for Water Resource Engineering. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(5): 1022‐1031. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00668.x Abstract: Understanding the basic relationships between rainfall and runoff is vital for effective management and utilization of scarce water resources. Especially, this is important in Central America with widespread potable water shortage during the dry months of the monsoon. Potential good water sources are cloud forests, but little information concerning its potential is available to water supply engineers. Our objective is to define rainfall‐runoff‐base flow relationships for a cloud forest catchment. Flumes were installed for measuring river flow in four subwatersheds in La Tigra National Park, Honduras. One of the four watersheds was a 636‐ha subwatershed (WS1) with 60% cloud forest coverage. Precipitation averaged 1,130 mm/yr over the entire basin. About half of the total rainfall became runoff for the cloud forest watershed whereas, for the adjacent undisturbed forested watershed, the total discharge was <20% of the amount of precipitation. Infiltration rates were generally greater than rainfall rates. Therefore, most rainfall infiltrated into the soil, especially in the upper, steep, and well‐drained portions of the watershed. Direct runoff was generated from saturated areas near the river and exposed bedrock. This research provides compelling evidence that base flow is the primary contributor to streamflow during both wet and dry seasons in cloud forest catchments. Protecting these flow processes over time is critical for the sustained provision of potable water.     

如皋市工业源COD产排污强度及其产业构成分析

以第一次全国污染源普查数据为依据,分析了如皋市工业源COD产排污强度及其产业构成特征。不同行业群对GDP的贡献和对COD的贡献呈现明显倒挂,COD产排污大户主要集中在该市的一些传统产业,重点污染源企业治理水平明显高于一般污染源企业。在此基础上,就如皋工业源COD产排污水平、产业结构优化在降低COD产排污强度中的意义以及强化传统产业污染治理的主要途径等问题展开了讨论。     

Optimization of grid tied hybrid power system in smart premises

Tapping of renewable energy sources like solar and wind is given great priority by power producers all over the world. Technical problems of linking them to the grid are solved. The cost constraints of utilizing renewable energy at specific locations are to be determined. In this work, a model is developed for grid tied hybrid power system (HPS) consisting of photovoltaic (PV) module and wind mill at the roof top of smart premises. The grid is capable of delivering and receiving energy. Objective function is formed with constraints taking into account the cost of PV module, wind mill, and grid tied inverter with controller. The constraints are rating of HPS and energy that can be delivered to the grid. Using this model, case studies were conducted in three locations in India, each location having two different demands. The results are presented. With the optimal rating of HPS, results shows that, conventional energy cost is higher.     

Demonstration of a high throughput on-board hydrogen generation reactor system using aluminum coil as fuel for a vehicle

A novel on-board hydrogen generation concept using Al coil with NaOH was investigated. The reaction rate was successfully controlled by introducing a pumping system for the NaOH solution. The time for the flow to develop fully was mainly dependent on the solution temperature, and the fastest start time recorded was 60 sec at a solution temperature of 70°C. The maximum H₂ generation rate was 200 L min^–1 with a prototype design of the on-board hydrogen generation system 1/8 times the size of a full-size reactor. The H₂ generation process coupled with the solution pumping system was simulated with three-dimensional fluid dynamic software, and the calculated H₂ flow and temperature rise of the system were validated with experimental data.