烟煤层燃炉颗粒物的生成特征与管理控制

以95台中小型燃烟煤层燃炉(≤70MW)的燃料特性分析数据和颗粒物(PM)排放实测数据为基础,利用统计分析方法,研究了锅炉出力、过量空气系数、燃煤灰分含量对燃烧过程中PM初始排放浓度的影响,分析了燃煤锅炉PM排放现状,讨论了我国中小型燃煤锅炉PM排放管理控制的潜力和可行性。结果表明,在锅炉运行负荷≥80%的条件下,PM初始排放浓度随过量空气系数和燃煤灰分含量的增加略有增大,而与锅炉出力无关;在用烟煤层燃炉PM排放浓度基本上能够满足国家现行污染物排放标准规定的排放限值要求;有96%的锅炉所采用的除尘装置的除尘效率大于80%;与其他国家相比,目前我国对于中小型燃煤锅炉PM的排放控制还处于中等水平,建议在国家层面上适时提高燃煤锅炉颗粒物的排放限制。     

Sequential use of ultraviolet light and chlorine for reclaimed water disinfection

Several disinfection processes of ultraviolet (UV), chlorine or UV followed by chlorine were investigated in municipal wastewater according to the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and toxicity formation. The UV inactivation of the tested pathogenic bacteria was not affected by the quality of water. It was found that the inactivated bacteria were obviously reactivated after one day in dark. Fluorescent light irradiation increased the bacteria repair. The increase of UV dosage could cause more damage to bacteria to inhibit bacteria self-repair. No photoreactivation was detected when the UV dose was up to 80 mJ/cm² for E. coli DH5αup, and 23 mJ/cm² for S. dysenteriae. Nevertheless, sequential use of 8 mJ/cm² of UV and low concentration of chlorine (1.5 mg/L) could effectively inhibit the photoreactivation and inactivate E. coli below the detection limits within seven days. Compared to chlorination alone, the sequential disinfection decreased the genotoxicity of treated wastewater, especially for the sample with high NH₃-N concentration.     

煤中As赋存状态的逐级化学提取研究

应用５步法逐级化学提取研究了２个烟煤和３个无烟煤样品中微量Ａｓ（０．６６μｇ－５．２６μｇ／ｇ）的赋存状态,研究表明应用逐级化学提取方法可以有效地定量研究煤中微量Ａｓ的赋存状态;煤中Ａｓ含量较低时,Ａｓ仍然有多种赋存状态,当煤灰分（主要是粘土矿物）较低时主要是进入有机质中,当灰分较高时主要进入粘土的晶格。     

纳米ZnO对鲫鱼肝脏的毒性

鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)腹腔注射不同浓度纳米ZnO(5mg·kg-1、12.5mg·kg-1、25mg·kg-1、50mg·kg-1和125mg·kg-1,以鲫鱼体重计)14d后,研究了鲫鱼肝脏中的自由基(ROS)强度变化、氧化应激反应及其毒性机制.结果表明:纳米ZnO显著诱导鲫鱼肝脏自由基产生;自由基信号强度和脂质过氧化物(MDA)随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先升高后降低趋势;而还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和GSH/GSSG随纳米ZnO浓度的升高呈先降低后升高趋势;纳米ZnO的毒性主要表现在引起鲫鱼肝脏氧化损伤,其毒性机制为诱导鲫鱼肝脏产生活性氧自由基.     

Fractionation and Biotoxicity of Heavy Metals in Urban Dusts Collected from Hong Kong and London

Samples of urban dusts, road site dusts and car park dusts, were collected at two selected sites each in Hong Kong and London. Sequential extraction was used to characterise the chemical compositions of these urban dusts. Copper, lead, zinc, pH, electrical conductivity and organic content were measured. Biotoxicity tests of urban dusts were conducted on higher plants (Brassica chinensis and Lolium perenne), a dinoflagellate green alga (Dunaliella tertiolecta) and luminescent bacteria (Photobacterium phosphoreum). A significant correlation was found between total lead (r =; – 0.70, p < 0.01) and zinc (r =; – 0.74, p < 0.05), and the 20 min – EC50 using P. phosphoreum. In addition, there was a significant correlation (r = – 0.72, p < 0.01) between the exchangeable lead content in dust and the 48 h- EC30 using D. tertiolecta. No specific trend was obtained for higher plants. Total lead and zinc contents were higher in dusts from London while the percentage of exchangeable fraction of metal contents was higher in those from Hong Kong.     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

氢化物发生原子荧光法在测定土壤中浸出硒、总硒的应用

应用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法研究了测定基地土壤中的浸出硒、总硒的技术。称取一定量土样置于烧杯中,加蒸馏水间歇手动搅拌2小时后放置过夜,取上清液测有效硒;用HNO3-HF-HClO4分解法全量消解样品,同时做全程空白实验,样品处理后加入10%硫脲-10%抗坏血酸混合改进剂以消除Cu、Ag、Ni、Pd等金属离子的干扰,并以1%硼氢化钠为还原剂,在25%的盐酸介质中测定总硒。其浸出态硒测定的检出限为1.5×10-3mg/kg,总硒测定的检出限为0.032mg/kg。     

温度对电自养氧还原生物阴极电化学性能的影响

生物阴极的应用能够显著降低微生物电化学系统的成本并增强运行的稳定性,其中,环境温度是限制其性能提升的关键因素.因此,本研究通过对比温度对生物阴极和非生物阴极微生物燃料电池（MFCs）电化学性能的影响,证实了生物阴极对提升MFCs产电性能的重要作用.结果发现,生物阴极MFCs在35℃条件下的最大电压为0.70 V,是非生物阴极的1.3倍.原位三电极循环伏安特性测试显示生物阳极和生物阴极的最佳温度有所不同,并且温度对生物阳极的影响大于对生物阴极的影响.本研究表明了生物阴极对MFCs电化学性能提升的重要性,并且优化了电自养氧还原生物阴极的最佳运行温度,为推动其实际应用提供了温度设置的参考.     

中国光伏发电的时空分布、竞争格局及减排效益

随着中国碳达峰、碳中和目标的提出,光伏发电逐渐成为推动低碳转型的重要途径。通过开展中国光伏发电的时空分布、竞争格局及减排效益研究,本文力求为中国“双碳”目标的落实、光伏产业的可持续发展提供量化支撑及政策建议,得出主要结论如下：（1）2012—2020年,光伏装机总量从624.8万kW增长到25317.0万kW,以集中式电站为主导;（2）山东、江苏、安徽、河南、山西等地区呈现高—高自相关特征,贵州等地区呈现高—低自相关特征;（3）电力消费量、碳排放量、科研投入为装机量增加的正向驱动因素,科技投入对相邻省份的装机量增加同样具有正向驱动效应;（4）中国现有光伏装机的年均减排效益约为2.0亿t,到2030年累计可以达到19.2亿t,对碳达峰、碳中和目标的落实具有重要推动作用。     

Development and application of a new power analysis system for testing of geothermal thermoelectric generators

This article presents a new thermoelectric generator power analysis system (TEG-PAS) for the examination of all parameters of the thermoelectric generators (TEGs) operated by geothermal or any liquid heat. As a sample application, the developed TEG-PAS has been tried on a TEG of 100 W. During electrical energy generation, the values of the electrical, the thermo-electrical and the thermal variables of the TEG have been transmitted to the TEG-PAS by the employed sensors. Thus, the using of several devices simultaneously has been eliminated while the power performance analyses are being carried out.