北京市土壤重金属形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法对北京市朝阳、通州、石景山、海淀、顺义等地土壤进行重金属元素锌、铅、铬的形态分析,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定了重金属元素的含量。研究结果表明,在所测区土壤中,铬主要以可交换态和残渣态存在,说明元素铬较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力;锌元素主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,说明元素锌相对比较稳定;而铅则主要以可交换态形式存在,说明铅最为活泼,应该给予更多的关注。     

碳纤维毡表面改性对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

研究以碳纤维毡为阳极,采用不同的表面改性方式对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电效率的影响,并通过塔菲尔曲线（Tafel）和慢速扫描循环伏安法（SSCV）研究了碳纤维毡表面经不同改性处理后作为阳极的电化学行为。结果表明．碳纤维毡经丙酮浸泡（CZ—C）和热处理（CZ-H）后,最大输出功率从763mW／m2上升到896mW／m2,提高了17％;电化学测试证实碳纤维毡热处理后阳极交换电流密度提高,且氧化峰电位正移、峰电流增大。     

Estimation of methane emission rate changes using age-defined waste in a landfill site

Long term methane emissions from landfill sites are often predicted by first-order decay (FOD) models, in which the default coefficients of the methane generation potential and the methane generation rate given by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are usually used. However, previous studies have demonstrated the large uncertainty in these coefficients because they are derived from a calibration procedure under ideal steady-state conditions, not actual landfill site conditions. In this study, the coefficients in the FOD model were estimated by a new approach to predict more precise long term methane generation by considering region-specific conditions. In the new approach, age-defined waste samples, which had been under the actual landfill site conditions, were collected in Hokkaido, Japan (in cold region), and the time series data on the age-defined waste sample’s methane generation potential was used to estimate the coefficients in the FOD model. The degradation coefficients were 0.050 1/y and 0.062 1/y for paper and food waste, and the methane generation potentials were 214.4 mL/g-wet waste and 126.7 mL/g-wet waste for paper and food waste, respectively. These coefficients were compared with the default coefficients given by the IPCC. Although the degradation coefficient for food waste was smaller than the default value, the other coefficients were within the range of the default coefficients. With these new coefficients to calculate methane generation, the long term methane emissions from the landfill site was estimated at 1.35 × 10⁴ m³-CH₄, which corresponds to approximately 2.53% of the total carbon dioxide emissions in the city (5.34 × 10⁵ t-CO₂/y).     

Arsenic Speciation Analysis in Water Samples: A Review of The Hyphenated Techniques

Interests in the determination of different arsenic species in natural waters is caused by the fact that toxic effects of arsenic are connected with its chemical forms and oxidation states. In determinations of water samples inorganic arsenate (As(III), As(V)), methylated metabolities (MMAA, DMAA) and other organic forms such as AsB, AsC, arsenosugars or arsenic containing lipids have the most importance. This article provides information about occurrence of the dominant arsenic forms in various water environments. The main factors controlling arsenic speciation in water are described. The quantification of species is difficult because the concentrations of different forms in water samples are relatively lowcompared to the detection limits of the available analytical techniques. Several hyphenated methods used in arsenic speciation analysis are described. Specific advantages and disadvantages of methods can define their application for a particular sample analysis. Insufficient selectivity and sensitivity of arsenic speciation methods cause searching for a new or modifications already existing techniques. Some aspects of improvement and modifications of the methods are highlighted.     

连城太阳能光伏产业发展现状与战略选择

太阳能光伏产业是21世纪备受世界各国重视的高新技术产业之一,拥有广阔发展前景,基于对太阳能光伏产业链、国内太阳能光伏产业现状的分析及连城太阳能光伏产业现状与面临挑战的分析,提出连城太阳能光伏产业发展战略。     

油页岩中几种微量元素的赋存形态

选用桦甸油页岩和汪清油页岩,采用逐级化学提取方法研究了10种微量元素Ba、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Sr、v、Y、zn等在油页岩中的赋存状态;并采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了页岩及其各提取状态中元素的含量.分析了油页岩中Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn等10种元素的环境化学活动性.研究结果表明:2个矿区页岩中除Ba、Pb、Sr和V这4种元素外,其余元素主要是以硫化物结合态及残渣态存在,这2个状态的质量分数之和为78.96%～97.97%,其中残渣态占据50%以上的比例;残渣态主要为硅酸盐结合态,其化学活性小,对环境的危害性较小,此形态以汪清页岩中的Cr为代表,其质量分数为80.87%;而以Sr为代表的元素在表生条件下很容易被带出油页岩,主要以残渣态以外的形态存在,桦甸页岩中其潜在可淋失率达到了77.67%,对环境的潜在危害性较大.     

废弃等离子显示屏玻璃中重金属化学形态分布

通过BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法,对等离子体显示屏玻璃中重金属的化学形态进行研究。结果表明,BCR3步连续提取法对废弃等离子体显示屏玻璃中重金属的提取比BCR4步连续提取法更稳定。废弃等离子体显示屏玻璃中Zn、Cu和Ag化学形态分布存在差异。BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法均认为Ag以残渣态为主要赋存形态,对环境影响比较小;Cu的可交换与弱酸可溶态或交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量较少,潜在的环境风险也比较小;BCR3步和BCR4步连续提取法对Zn的形态分布结果评价不一致,BCR3步连续提取法表明Zn主要以可交换与弱酸可溶态为主,对环境影响较大,而BCR4步连续提取法结果认为Zn是以铁锰氧化态为主要存在形态。     

物料下落过程中可吸入颗粒物产生特性及控制技术

利用实验室新设计开发的一套装置,研究物料自由下落过程影响可吸入颗粒物产生的因素.通过实验分别测定不同物料、质量流量、含水量、粒径组成和下垫面5个因素对可吸入颗粒物产生的影响.实验结果表明,不同物料可吸入颗粒物产生率不同;随着质量流量和物料含水量的增加,可吸入颗粒物产生率减小,加水是减少可吸入颗粒物排放的最有效方法之一;不同粒径组成和不同下垫面对可吸入颗粒物产生也有影响,但作用并不显著.     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池同步除碳脱氮产电性能影响因素

研究了厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池(AFB-MFC)除碳脱氮产电性能的影响因素。结果表明:(1)AFB-MFC对NH4+-N的去除不起作用。电压下降主要是由于进水有机基质浓度下降造成。(2)不添加NO3--N时,在满足AFB-MFC脱氮所需的电子供体条件下增加进水COD/TN有利于AFB-MFC产电。(3)3种无机氮共存下,AFB-MFC在进水有机碳与无机氮质量比(C/N)不低于1.37时,对COD、NO2--N和NO3--N具有理想的去除效果。AFB-MFB在一定进水C/N范围内(1.37～2.50),能得到稳定的输出电压及功率密度。(4)固定进水C/N时,AFB-MFC在高碳氮负荷下仍能得到较理想的NO2--N、NO3--N、COD去除效果,AFB-MFC对NH4+-N去除效果不明显;增加碳氮负荷,AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度没有明显的改变。(5)有机基质浓度不变下,AFB-MFC中充足的电子供体可保证较高的NO3--N、COD去除率。AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度随着时间延长而先增加至稳定值后下降。     

伊通河(城区段)沉积物重金属形态分布特征及风险评价

通过对伊通河(长春城区段)7个沉积短岩芯中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属元素含量与赋存形态的分析,研究了重金属污染特征和潜在生态风险.沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量范围分别为0.10～1.18、 23.57～66.35、 11.27～43.95、 10.78～29.82、 15.02～60.81和54.27～175.83 mg·kg^-1.Cd弱酸可溶态的质量分数为42.1%～51.28%;Cr、Ni和Zn以残渣态为主,质量分数分别为63.54%～79.91%、 35.16%～53.75%和27.55%～57.55%.沉积物垂向污染程度和生态风险评价结果显示,研究区域受到Cd、Cu、Pb及Zn污染,Cd的生态风险最高,Zn和Cu次之,各岩芯中每组元素具有相似的垂向变化规律,其中4～8 cm深度生态风险相对较高.污染来源解析结果显示,伊通河(城区段)沉积物中Cd、Zn和Pb主要来源于工业污染和城市污水排放,Cu可能受自然过程和人类活动的双重影响,Cr、Ni可能较多地来源于自然过程.