母管制机组脱硫设施考核算法的研究及应用

对母管制运行燃煤机组和脱硫设施各项参数进行综合分析,研究设计出针对母管制运行机组脱硫设施考核的加权算法。实践证明:该算法能够准确、快速、直观地考核母管制机组脱硫设施运行状况和单机组大气污染物排放情况,为母管制机组脱硫设施的管理提供支持。     

亚硝酸盐不同生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响

为了探究亚硝酸盐生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响,采用2组同规格SBR反应器分别在连续和间歇曝气方式下使亚硝酸盐连续生成和间歇生成,考察其运行过程中脱氮除磷效果、污泥物理特性和微生物群落结构.结果表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成后随即消耗,具有更好和更稳定的脱氮除磷性能,特别在TN去除上,第72 d后TN平均去除率为92.07%.碳源利用效率（以P/COD计）集中在0.21~0.22mg·mg^-1,碳源利用充分,进一步促进反硝化除磷.颗粒粒径分布集中,大小均匀,具有规则的形状和清晰的边界.微生物群落分析表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成的系统微生物群落丰富度和多样性更高,同时富集了更多DPAOs菌属（Dechloromonas和Pseudomonas）,与Nitrosomonas共同作用使短程硝化与反硝化除磷达到动态平衡,实现系统稳定运行.     

褐煤中金属元素的形态分布和ICP-OES分析

应用5步逐级化学提取研究了褐煤中多种金属元素的存在形态,并用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定了整个提取过程中金属元素的浓度,结果表明,应用5步逐级化学提取法可以有效地定量研究褐煤中金属元素的形态分布．计算了逐级提取过程中每一步骤的提取率和可提取形态的百分比,并据此讨论了内蒙古锡林郭勒盟胜利煤田褐煤中金属元素的形态分布．     

湖泊流域清水产流机制修复方法及其修复策略

基于湖泊水污染防治领域长期的研究与实践经验,提出了“以污染源系统治理+流域清水产流机制修复+湖泊水体生境改善+流域管理”为主的湖泊水污染防治的总体思路,并着重阐述了流域清水产流机制修复的方法及其修复策略.由流域径流的产流、汇流输送与入湖过程的分析引出了湖泊流域清水产流机制的概念,对其破坏原因进行了解析,提出了清水产流机制修复的理念、思路、技术路线及修复中的关键问题.以抚仙湖东大河流域为例,将入湖河流小流域分成清水产流区﹑污染控制与净化区、湖滨入湖区3部分区域.在对3区域清水量与污染物产生量进行分析的基础上,根据3区域现状特征与主要环境问题分别提出其修复策略.     

我国塑料包装废物的产生和回收特性及管理对策

通过现场调查和资料调研,分析了塑料包装废物的流向和环境特征,总结了塑料包装废物回收的基本特点和经验教训,论述了塑料包装废物回收模式特点,深入分析了回收过程中存在的问题,并提出了加强塑料包装废物回收的管理对策. 结果表明:塑料包装是塑料制品中的重要构成部分,由于质量轻、回收体积大,不易回收,我国每年产生大量的塑料包装废物,城市生活垃圾填埋场成为塑料包装废物的主要流向和污染源. 目前我国塑料包装废物回收依托的是进城务工的个体回收者,与现阶段的国情相符合. 塑料污染问题不是短期内能解决的,必须采取长期的综合管理对策,如进行源头减量化、制定鼓励回收利用的经济政策、采取适宜的无害化处置方式等.      

Evaluation of tests to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils

An acid metal-contaminated soil from the Aljustrel mining area (a pyrite mine located in SW Portugal in the Iberian Pyrite Belt) was subjected to chemical characterisation and total metal quantification (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Water-soluble metals were determined and a sequential extraction procedure was used to investigate metal speciation. Two bioavailable metal fractions were determined: a mobile fraction and a mobilisable fraction. Soil ecotoxicity was studied using a battery of bioassays: plant growth test and seed germination with cress (Lepidium sativum L.), earthworm (Eisenia fetida) mortality, E. fetida avoidance behaviour, luminescent inhibition of Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna immobilisation. Although the total content of Cu, Zn and Pb in the soil was large (362, 245 and 1,250 mg/kg dry matter, respectively), these metals were mostly structurally bound (87% for Cu, 81% for Zn and 89% for Pb) and, therefore, scarcely bioavailable. Nonetheless, the D. magna immobilization test using soil leachate showed an EC₅₀ (48 h) of 36.3% (v/v), and the luminescent inhibition of V. fischeri presented an EC₂₀ (15 min) of 45.2% and an EC₂₀ (30 min) of 10.7% (v/v), suggesting a considerable toxic effect. In the direct exposure bioassays, E. fetida avoided the mine soil at the highest concentrations (50%, 75% and 100% v/v). At the same soil concentrations, cress showed negligible growth. The results suggest the need to use a battery of toxicity tests, in conjunction with chemical methods, in order to assess the quality of mine-contaminated soils correctly.     

Assessment of risk to aquatic biota from elevated salinity—A case study from the Hunter River,Australia

An ecological risk assessment was performed on salinity levels of the Hunter River and its tributaries to respond to concerns that high salinity may be damaging aquatic ecosystems. Probabilistic techniques were used to assess likelihood and consequence, and hence the risk to aquatic biota from salinity. Continuous electrical conductivity distributions were used to describe the likelihood that high salinity would occur (exposure dataset) and toxicity values were compiled from the limited literature sources available to describe the consequence of high salinity (effects dataset). The assessment was preliminary in the sense that it modelled risk on the basis of existing data and did not undertake site-specific toxicity testing.     

石煤砷的赋存形态对砷迁移释放的影响

高砷石煤燃烧是陕西南部秦巴山区砷中毒流行的主要因素,煤燃烧的砷释放过程不仅与砷元素化学性质、砷含量有关,也与砷赋存形态有关。文章利用连续化学浸提法对陕南石煤砷的赋存形态进行了分析,并探讨了各赋存形态对石煤砷迁移和燃烧释放率的影响。结果表明,高砷石煤砷主要以硫化物结合态存在,其含量占煤砷含量的75%以上;石煤燃烧的砷释放率与煤中残渣态砷有显著的负相关,相关系数为-0.773,P<0.01;煤砷溶出率与可交换态砷和硫化物结合态砷均呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.983(P<0.05)和0.796(P<0.05)。     

废弃线路板中重金属形态分布特征

通过BCR3态连续提取方法和Tessier 5步连续提取方法,对某废弃线路板中重金属的赋存形态进行研究.结果表明,BCR连续提取法对废弃线路板中重金属的提取率比Tessier连续提取方法高.废弃线路板中Cu、Pb、Zn和Ni各形态分布差别很大.BCR和Tessier连续提取方法结果均表明废弃线路板中Ni主要是以残渣态存在,对环境的污染风险小;而Pb和Zn主要以酸可提取态或者碳酸盐态和可交换态存在,在南方酸雨环境中容易溶出;BCR和Tessier连续提取方法对Cu的活性评价不一致,但是由于废弃线路板中Cu总量高,对环境的影响不可忽视.     

Phosphorus fractions and its release in the sediments of Haihe River, China

The amounts and forms of phosphorus (P) in surface sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, North China, were examined using a sequential chemical extraction procedure. Five fractions of sedimentary P, including loosely sorbed P (NH4Cl-P), redox-sensitive P (BD-P), metal oxide bound P (NaOH-P), calcium bound P (HCl-P), and residual P (Res-P) (organic and refractory P), were separately quantified. The results indicated that the contents of di erent P fractions in the sediments varied greatly. The total P (TP) contents ranged from 968 to 2017 mg/kg. Phosphorus contents in NH4Cl-P, BD-P, NaOH-P, and HCl-P ranged from 6.7 to 26.6 mg/kg, 54.5 to 90.2 mg/kg, 185.2 to 382.5 mg/kg, and 252.3 to 425.5 mg/kg, respectively, which represented 1.2%–3.2%, 7.7%–13%, 33.3%–48.9%, and 36.2%–54.2% of the sedimentary inorganic P, respectively. For all the sediment samples, the rank order of P-fractions was Res-P > HCl-P > NaOH-P > BD-P > NH4Cl-P. The highly positive relationship between the amounts of P released from the sediments and those in the NH4Cl-P and BD-P fractions, indicated that NH4Cl-P and BD-P were the main fractions that can release P easily.