太湖流域分散农村居民对生活垃圾的产生和处理认知分析

本文通过问卷调查的方式考察了太湖流域分散农村居民对政府免费实施"村收集、乡转运、县处理"的收集清运垃圾模式和未来生活垃圾处置收费的认可度,获得了太湖地区分散农村居民对生活垃圾处置现状的认知度,结果表明:农村居民对生活垃圾收费制度的认可程度低,对有害垃圾的处置缺乏必要的认识;被调查者受教育程度与垃圾分类(P0.01)、危险废物分离(P0.01)和垃圾危害的认知程度(P0.05)呈显著正相关关系;垃圾付费选项中,被调查者不愿意支付费用的占53.2%,仅有26.2%的被调查者愿意支出1~3元/月;对现有的政府免费收集清运垃圾模式认可程度高达94%以上。该研究结果对促进太湖流域农村生活垃圾的资源化与减量化管理具有重要的战略意义。     

Influence of temperature on the characteristics of aerobic granulation in sequencing batch airlift reactors

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated in sequencing batch airlift reactors(SBAR) at 25,30,and 35°C,respectively.The effect of temperature on the granules characteristics was analyzed and the microbial community structures of the granules were probed using scanning electron microscope(SEM) and polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCR-DGGE).The results showed that 30°C is optimum for matured granule cultivation,where the granules had a more compact structure,better settling abili...     

太湖山地强降雨事件中不同水体的氮磷负荷分析

夏季暴雨洪水是太湖山区氮磷营养盐流失的主要载体,对强降雨事件中的不同水体农业养分负荷的观测和分析,将有助于更准确地评估农业非点源污染。在台风“麦莎”期间,选择典型山区流域对台风降雨径流过程进行观测。结果表明太湖山地短时强降水事件中,地下径流约占总径流的51％,而对无机氮径流负荷的贡献在80％以上;可溶性总磷在河道径流中的浓度低于在地下水和地表径流中的浓度,显示可溶性磷在汇流过程中被截留,说明可溶性磷的迁移具有流域尺度的迟滞特征。     

牛栏江流域景观格局分析

针对牛栏江流域云南段,基于遥感监测所获得的植被覆盖斑块信息,就该地区景观格局进行分析研究。结果表明：研究区内景观类型丰富,不同景观类型斑块大小的平均水平,以及斑块密度差异明显;流域内景观受人为干扰较大,说明了流域内生态环境较脆弱。     

Forecasting the effects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area differentiated (100 m × 100 m) approach.REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil.For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO 3 -N/L,effective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015.The effects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015.The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the effects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate.From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures.Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

Classification of different sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

Forecasting the e ects of EU policy measures on the nitrate pollution of groundwater and surface waters

We used the interdisciplinary model network REGFLUD to predict the actual mean nitrate concentration in percolation water at the scale of the Weser river basin (Germany) using an area di erentiated (100 m 100 m) approach. REGFLUD combines the agro-economic model RAUMIS for estimating nitrogen surpluses and the hydrological models GROWA/DENUZ for assessing the nitrate leaching from the soil. For areas showing predicted nitrate concentrations in percolation water above the European Union (EU) groundwater quality standard of 50 mg NO3-N/L, e ective agri-environmental reduction measures need to be derived and implemented to improve groundwater and surface water quality by 2015. The e ects of already implemented agricultural policy are quantified by a baseline scenario projecting the N-surpluses from agricultural sector to 2015. The REGFLUD model is used to estimate the e ects of this scenario concerning groundwater and surface water pollution by nitrate. From the results of the model analysis the needs for additional measures can be derived in terms of required additional N-surplus reduction and in terms of regional prioritization of measures. Research work will therefore directly support the implementation of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union in the Weser basin.     

A2/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的分形结构与理化特征分析

采用图像法和沉降柱法分别研究了A²/O工艺中好氧污泥絮体的形貌、粒度分布、低维分形维数和沉降速率、有效密度、空隙率以及质量分形维数,并尝试探讨了上述相关性质与这些污泥宏观操作性质(沉降、压缩、脱水和稳定性)相关的各种理化指标以及胞外高分子物质(EPS)的含量之间的变化关系.结果表明,污泥絮体呈现不规则的形貌,表面具有空隙.其有效密度一般随着其粒径的增加而降低,而空隙率和沉降速率却呈现与有效密度相反的变化趋势,这些均表明了污泥絮体的分形结构的存在.2次所采集的污泥絮体的中位直径分别为248.81、 332.86 μm,有效密度的平均值分别为0.004 0、 0.007 2 g·cm^-3,自由沉降速率的平均值分别为2.67、 4.79　mm·s^-1,空隙率的平均值分别为0.94、 0.89,一维分形维数分别为1.03、 1.19,二维分形维数分别为1.64、 1.84,采用基于Logan经验公式的有效密度-最大直径的双对数关系确定的质量分形维数分别为1.74、 2.29.尽管第2次所采集的污泥絮体较为密实,但其表面粗糙程度却比第1次的低.此外,研究中发现絮凝能力较高或负电荷较高的A²/O好氧污泥絮体具有高的SVI和ZSV值;分形维数较低的污泥具有高的剪切敏感性和低絮体强度,相应的污泥稳定性低;EPS总量高的污泥脱水性能差,EPS中蛋白质含量高的污泥其表面电荷也较高.     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

我国流域水环境管理现状与对策建议

介绍了我国水环境区划、流域污染物总量控制、现行的流域水环境管理体系、监控预警等发展现状,在此基础上提出了我国流域水环境管理存在的问题及解决对策。