水喷淋作用下建筑通道烟气蔓延特性模拟研究

采用数值模拟研究在单喷淋作用下建筑通道内烟气的蔓延特性,并对不同喷淋压力条件下烟气质量流量、温度及CO体积分数随时间的变化进行对比,对引起喷淋作用下烟气蔓延速度及烟气成分浓度变化的主要原因进行了分析。结果表明,增加喷淋压力对烟气的降温作用增强,降低了烟气在通道内的蔓延速度;同时,喷淋引起的烟气拥塞增加了流出喷淋覆盖区的烟气的CO体积分数,使得烟气毒性加大。     

水平燃料填充床反向阴燃传播及其熄灭分析

根据单步反应机理(仅包括燃料的氧化),建立了一维非稳态燃料填充床反向阴燃的数学模型。通过简化模型参数及大活化能渐近分析,得出了定性描述燃料反向阴燃传播的两个方程。结果表明:随着空气流量的增大,阴燃温度是不断上升的,但由于受到反向空气风流的影响,阴燃温度的增长幅度是逐渐变小的;阴燃传播速度却呈现出先增大后减小直至熄灭的变化趋势。这种变化趋势与前人的实验结果相一致。通过定性分析得出:在气体流量为零的情况下,燃料仍然可以发生阴燃,而维持阴燃不断传播所需要的氧气量源于反应区域周围气体的扩散。此外,也分析了燃料特性参数(如密度、孔隙率、比热、导热系数及活化能)对燃料阴燃温度和阴燃速度传播的影响。     

水体突发性重金属污染胁迫下斑马鱼的行为反应分析

研究了斑马鱼在不同程度突发性的Zn2＋和Cr6＋胁迫下的行为反应,采用计算机视觉技术量化研究斑马鱼游动行为数据。结果表明,在Zn2＋和Cr6＋的突发性胁迫中,斑马鱼的行为反应快速且敏感,游动行为与污染物种类、质量浓度和暴露时间直接相关,并表现出比较相似的行为变化规律;随着胁迫程度的增加,斑马鱼游动速度的变化幅度增大,反应时间缩短,且其变化曲线符合生物行为的环境压力模型。斑马鱼的行为变化远远提前于生物的病理损伤或死亡,可利用斑马鱼暴露于污染物时的行为变化实现在线水体突发性重金属污染事故的监测预警。     

Simple model of sludge thickening process in secondary settlers

In wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), a secondary settler acts as a clarifier, sludge thickener, and sludge storage tank during peak flows and therefore plays an important role in the performance of the activated sludge process. Sludge thickening occurs in the lower portions of secondary clarifiers during their operation. In this study, by detecting the hindered zone from the complete thickening process of activated sludge, a simple model for the sludge thickening velocity, u _s = aX ^b (a = 0.9925SSVI _3.5, b = 3.541ln(SSVI _3.5)+12.973), describing the potential and performance of activated sludge thickening in the hindered zone was developed. However, sludge thickening in the compression zone was not studied because sludge in the compression zone showed limited thickening. This empirical model was developed using batch settling data obtained from four WWTPs and validated using measured data from a fifth WWTP to better study sludge thickening. To explore different sludge settling and thickening mechanisms, the curves of sludge thickening and sludge settling were compared. Finally, it was found that several factors including temperature, stirring, initial depth, and polymer conditioning can lead to highly concentrated return sludge and biomass in a biologic reactor.     

利用POCIS技术监测城市地表水中全氟化合物

采用一种针对水体中全氟化合物的改进的极性有机化合物整合采样技术(POCIS)进行了不同水流速度下污染物的吸附动力学,以及水流速度对全氟化合物在该采样器上采样速率的影响研究.结果表明,在不同水流速度下7种全氟化合物在放置时间10d内呈线性关系.POCIS对全氟化合物的采样速率随着水流速度(0.085~0.0018m/s)的降低而减小,但是对个别物质如全氟十一酸的采样速率无明显影响.将所建立的POCIS采样方法应用于南京市地表水中,并与常规的主动监测方法进行比较,发现利用POCIS采样技术推算出的污染物时间权重浓度和两次主动采样测定浓度基本一致.     

移动电极电除尘器除尘效率的计算

移动电极静电除尘器通过清灰刷除掉阳极板上收集的粉尘,阳极系统为移动电极（即作回转运动的集尘极）阳极板呈带条状,固定在链条上,随链轮转动。移动电极静电除尘器有效克服了困扰常规电除尘器对高比电阻粉尘的反电晕及振打二次扬尘等问题,大幅度提高了除尘效率。提供常规固定电极除尘区与移动电极除尘区联合使用的除尘器除尘效率计算公式。     

超大跨度渡槽脉动风频率特性分析

贵州龙场渡槽是我国目前最大的拱跨渡槽,其脉动风频率特性分析对设计工作具有极其重要的指导作用。计算了龙场渡槽在有水、无水工况下的前20阶自振频率,分析了相应的振型;采用极值Ⅰ型概率分布函数,计算得到龙场渡槽所在地的50年一遇最大设计风速为17.6m/s;针对1986～2010年间的3次强风风速和50年一遇最大设计风速,计算了龙场渡槽所在地典型高程处的脉动风功率谱密度。研究表明:在同一高度,随着年平均最大风速的增加,功率谱密度最大值逐渐增大,其对应的频率也在增大;对于同一风速,随着高度的增加,功率谱密度的最大值逐渐增大,其对应的频率也在增大。通过比较龙场渡槽自振频率与脉动风功率谱密度显著值所对应的频率,认为龙场渡槽在上述风速下不会发生共振现象。     

基于GA-ELM浆体管道输送临界流速预测模型研究

针对浆体管道输送临界流速预测难度大、精确度低等技术难题,提出了基于极限学习机(ELM)的临界流速预测模型,用训练集对模型进行训练,以验证集预测值的均方误差作为适应度函数,利用遗传算法(GA)对ELM模型参数进行优化,应用优化得到的ELM模型对预测集进行预测。以某矿山为例,模型参数优化结果如下:隐含层节点数L为400,输入权值ai、偏置向量bi最优组合下预测结果适应度为0.0201。采用优化的ELM模型对预测集进行预测,预测结果的最大相对误差x=3.96%,平均相对误差y=1.58%,对比BP神经网络(x=12.95%)和SVM模型(x=3.19%),表明ELM模型更加精确、高效。     

水平弯管内硫沉积数值模拟研究

元素硫在集输管道中沉积会引起堵塞和腐蚀问题,而弯管是集输管道中较易出现硫沉积的部位之一。为此,采用数值模拟的方法研究水平弯管内的硫沉积问题,首先利用雷诺应力模型对流场进行模拟,其次采用Lagrange颗粒轨道模型对硫颗粒进行模拟追踪,研究不同因素对硫颗粒在弯管中沉积率的影响。结果表明:弯管内壁会出现负压区和低速区,气流速度和弯曲比会对流场产生影响;硫颗粒在弯管中的沉积率随流速、粒径和弯曲比的增大而增大;硫颗粒沉积是重力和离心力共同作用的结果,其中离心力是导致弯管中沉积率增大的重要原因。     

Effects of water velocity on bulk water quality and biofilm population structure in drinking water distribution systems北大核心CSCD

To study the effect of flow velocity on drinking water distribution systems, bulk water quality was monitored over 28 days, biomass was measured, and 16S rDNA was sequenced on the 28th day using a water distribution simulation system. The relationship between bulk water quality and biofilm was statistically analyzed. Flow velocity of 0.5 m/s yielded the most total organic carbon (TOC) (5.26 ± 0.17 mg/L) in the bulk water, the most bulk water bacteria (lg (n+1/mL-1) = 4.79 ± 0.02), the worst bulk water quality, and the most biofilm bacteria (lg (n+1/cm-2) = 5.48 ± 0.06). A Pearson correlation analysis showed the total number of biofilm bacteria was positively correlated with conductivity (R = 0.73, P < 0.01), turbidity (R = 0.87, P < 0.001), TOC (R = 0.94, P < 0.001), and total bacteria (R = 0.92, P < 0.001), and was negatively correlated with residual chlorine (R = -0.68, P < 0.05). Biofilm diversity was high under the low (0.1 m/s) and high (2.5 m/s) flow rates, but the bacterial diversity of biofilm was the lowest at the 0.5 m/s flow rate, in which Proteobacteria dominated the biofilm community structure. These results suggest that flow velocity affects bulk water quality and biofilm population structure, and water quality and biofilm population structure are interrelated, which provides the theoretical basis for research on biofilms in drinking water distribution systems. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.