清洁生产——实现我国工业可持续发展的必由之路

从可持续发展战略出发，阐述了目前我国在工业生产发展中面临的问题。为解决工业发展与保护环境的矛盾，实现社会与自然的协调发展，提出了以清洁生产为主，末端处理为辅，从根本上消除污染，节约原料与能源走发展工业的新路。     

Treatment of digestate from a co-digestion biogas plant by means of vacuum evaporation: Tests for process optimization and environmental sustainability

Vacuum evaporation consists in the boiling of a liquid substrate at negative pressure, at a temperature lower than typical boiling temperature at atmospheric conditions. Condensed vapor represents the so called condensate, while the remaining substrate represents the concentrate.This technology is derived from other sectors and is mainly dedicated to the recovery of chemicals from industrial by-products, while it has not been widely implemented yet in the field of agricultural digestate treatment. The present paper relates on experimental tests performed in pilot-scale vacuum evaporation plants (0.100 and 0.025 m³), treating filtered digestate (liquid fraction of digestate filtered by a screw-press separator). Digestate was produced by a 1 MW_e anaerobic digestion plant fed with swine manure, corn silage and other biomasses. Different system and process configurations were tested (single-stage and two-stage, with and without acidification) with the main objectives of assessing the technical feasibility and of optimizing process parameters for an eventual technology transfer to full scale systems.The inputs and outputs of the process were subject to characterization and mass and nutrients balances were determined.The vacuum evaporation process determined a relevant mass reduction of digestate.The single stage configuration determined the production of a concentrate, still in liquid phase, with a total solid (TS) mean concentration of 15.0%, representing, in terms of mass, 20.2% of the input; the remaining 79.8% was represented by condensate. The introduction of the second stage allowed to obtain a solid concentrate, characterized by a content of TS of 59.0% and representing 5.6% of initial mass.Nitrogen balance was influenced by digestate pH: in order to limit the stripping of ammonia and its transfer to condensate it was necessary to reduce the pH. At pH 5, 97.5% of total nitrogen remained in the concentrate. This product was characterized by very high concentrations of total Kjeldhal nitrogen (TKN), 55,000 mg/kg as average.Condensate, instead, represented 94.4% of input mass, containing 2.5% of TKN. This fraction could be discharged into surface water, after purification to meet the criteria imposed by Italian regulation. Most likely, condensate could be used as dilution water for digestion input, for cleaning floor and surfaces of animal housings or for crop irrigation.The research showed the great effectiveness of the vacuum evaporation process, especially in the two stage configuration with acidification. In fact, the concentration of nutrients in a small volume determines easier transportation and reduction of related management costs. In full scale plants energy consumption is estimated to be 5–8 kWh_e/m³ of digestate and 350 kWh_t/m³ of evaporated water.     

Chicken manure enhanced yield and quality of field-grown kale and collard greens

Organic matter and nutrients in municipal sewage sludge (SS) and chicken manure (CM) could be recycled and used for land farming to enhance fertility and physical properties of soils. Three soil management practices were used at Kentucky State University Research Farm, Franklin County, to study the impact of soil amendments on kale (Brassica oleracea cv. Winterbar) and collard (Brassica oleracea cv. Top Bunch) yields and quality. The three soil management practices were: (i) SS mixed with native soil at 15 t acre^?1, (ii) CM mixed with native soil at 15 t acre^?1, and (iii) no-mulch (NM) native soil for comparison purposes. At harvest, collard and kale green plants were graded according to USDA standards. Plants grown in CM and SS amended soil produced the greatest number of U.S. No. 1 grade of collard and kale greens compared to NM native soil. Across all treatments, concentrations of ascorbic acid and phenols were generally greater in kale than in collards. Overall, CM and SS enhanced total phenols and ascorbic acid contents of kale and collard compared to NM native soil. We investigated the chemical and physical properties of each of the three soil treatments that might explain variability among treatments and the impact of soil amendments on yield, phenols, and ascorbic acid contents of kale and collard green grown under this practice.     

电解法处理含镍废水及纯镍的回收

采用电解回收法处理Ni2+含量为2g/L的废水,在阴极回收纯镍。研究了电解电流、极距、NH4Cl浓度、pH值等因素对Ni2+去除率、槽压、阴极能耗的影响,得出最优工艺参数为:温度20℃,电解时间20min时、电解电流300mA,极距15mm,NH4Cl浓度5g/L,pH值8.0,该条件下Ni2+去除率为96.926%,槽压16.21V,阴极能耗22.418kW.h/kg,在阴极可得到沉积6.45μm厚的镍板。     

新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的探讨（二）

文中论述了新疆地区乡镇企业发展与生态环境有关的产业结构特点和分布,分地区、分行业计算了乡镇工业1985—1988年的“三废”污染和生态破坏状况,并对1995年和2000年“三废”污染控制数量及生态—经济规划指标作了综合评述。提出了新疆乡镇企业经济与生态环境保护协调发展战略的主要对策和建议。     

新型电极及其电解阳离子染料染色模拟液研究

本文研制了一种可用于废水处理的新型阳极和阴极，研制电极电解处理离子染料色模拟液时，分解电压低，脱色率高，电能消耗少。     

废弃钻井泥浆的固化处理

废弃钻井泥浆的处理是油气勘探与开发工业中人们极为关注的。文章在分析废弃钻井泥浆性质的基础上，通过化学稳定与固化处理试验研究得出以水泥为主，烟炭，石灰等为添加剂的固化剂配方，实验结果表明，经固化处理的废弃泥浆，其固化产物重金属浸出率低，稳定性好，具有一定的抗氧强度，从而能有效地降低废弃泥浆对环境的污染危害，文中还对各种辅加剂对固化效果的影响进行了分析。     

改性脲醛树脂絮凝浮选剂在污水处理中的应用

用尿素和甲醛作为主要原料合成脲醛树脂季胺盐和脲醛树脂叔胺盐。采用ＷＥＭＣＯ浮选模型机和自行设计的模拟现场充气浮选的气浮设备及现场污水对絮凝浮选剂除油、除悬浮物的性能进行了评价。另外，用核磁共振和红外光谱测定了脲醛树脂叔胺盐的结构，并用凝胶色谱法测定了其分子量。     

含油污泥的处理与利用

石油开采和加工过程中产生的含油污泥，带有有害物质和较高的热值，既需处理又可综合利用，这是一个复杂而又重要的课题。当前，我国含油污泥处理与利用和国外先进水平有较大差距，处理装置技术落后，不配套，多数污泥未进行无害化处理，造成了环境污染和能源资源的浪费。在收集了大量资料的基础上，列举了含油污泥的性质及危害。“九五”期间应积极开展先进工艺设备的引进推广工作，特别在含油污泥的脱水干燥、污油回收和绿化利用上，可推广江汉、中原油田的先进工艺设备，使含油污泥达到无害化乃至变废为宝。     

石油工业废弃物处置及其生物治理趋势

鉴于我国石油工作者对石油工业废弃物的普遍关注，现在介绍生物治理的基本概念及ＳＰＥ石油工程师协会中有关含油污泥生物处置的途径及其突出优越性。生物液／固处理工艺（ＬＳＴ）是目前含油污泥处置现场最经济可行的处置方案。这种好氧的ＬＳＴ工艺过程，能够比较充分地代谢和降解石油污泥中的油和脂并大量除去多环芳烃类（ＰＡＨ）化合物及其它有机化合物，明显地降低了石油废弃物对人、畜的毒害程度。其工艺较简单，操作也简易，凡经此工艺处理后的废弃物不留残毒和后患，因此早已被世界上先进国家的炼油业视为处理含油污泥的有效选择了。石油工业废弃物的生物防治和生物降解工艺较大程度地领先于目前我国现场正在执行的各种处理含油废弃物的处理工艺。