基于ANSYS-PDS的含缺陷压力容器可靠性分析

为更准确地分析含缺陷压力容器的可靠性,提出采用ANSYS软件中的PDS模块建模求解,从本质上克服API 581压力容器可靠性分析的局限性,采用将压力容器的内径、原始壁厚、缺陷深度、压力容器内压设置为服从正态分布的随机变量的方法,基于响应面法结合蒙特卡洛法抽样分析,通过编写APDL代码,探讨含缺陷压力容器的可靠性.结果表...     

Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

基于指标规范值的地表水水质的模糊综合评价

传统的模糊综合评价法用于地表水水质评价,当指标数较多时需要设计很多隶属函数,设计和计算工作量皆很大,实际使用不便。在设定指标参照值和规范变换式基础上,将指标按各级标准规范值相近程度进行适当分类,只需分类设计隶属函数即可,大幅减少了计算工作量,使模糊综合评价法应用于地表水水质评价变得简化。     

南亚热带森林3层次物种多度之广义泊松分布模型

生物群落中物种多度分布(species abundance distribution)呈典型的倒J形,即其中存在许多稀有种、少量常见种.物种多度分布模型研究有助于解决森林生态恢复中的物种配置等实际问题.本研究考察了一种过分散(over-dispersion,或称超分布,即方差大于均值)的离散型分布,即具有λ和α两个参数...     

药型罩参数对聚能射流水下运动的影响

目的 研究药型罩结构参数对所形成的聚能射流在水中运动的影响,改进水中聚能射流的运动特性。方法 采用多物质单元ALE法就锥形罩射流对水介质的侵彻进行数值模拟,分析锥形装药结构中药型罩锥角和厚度对所形成的聚能射流侵彻水时运动参数的影响。结果 锥形罩锥角大小及药型罩厚度对聚能射流在水中的形状、射流速度、加速度等有着明显的影响。侵彻体进入水中10 cm后,药型罩的锥角从30°增加到150°的过程中,剩余速度先增大、后减小,在90°时达到最高。药型罩厚度为1.5～4mm时,剩余速度变化起伏小;厚度为4～6 mm时,剩余速度开始大幅下降。结论 当锥角为90°时,罩厚为4 mm的药型罩所形成的射流在水中表现最好,形成的射流侵彻深度最长,侵彻水介质10 cm后的剩余速度最大,存速能力最强。     

PBXN-5传爆药安全可靠性试验方法研究

为满足引信传爆序列对高可靠性、高安全性火工药剂的需求,通过小隔板试验及升降法试验对PBXN-5传爆药的输出能力和冲击波感度作了分析和研究,小样本试验发现:当施主药柱装药相同,随施主与受主间隔板厚度增加,可靠起爆概率明显降低;但随受主药柱的装药尺寸的减小,传爆概率却增大。总之,受主药柱直径越小,隔板越薄,使用可靠性越高,结合安全使用性,计算得到合适的可靠度数据,为微型火工品装药提供参数依据。     

Improving construction site safety through leader-based verbal safety communication

Background

The construction industry is one of the most injury-prone industries, in which production is usually prioritized over safety in daily on-site communication. Workers have an informal and oral culture of risk, in which safety is rarely openly expressed. This paper tests the effect of increasing leader-based on-site verbal safety communication on the level of safety and safety climate at construction sites. Method: A pre-post intervention-control design with five construction work gangs is carried out. Foremen in two intervention groups are coached and given bi-weekly feedback about their daily verbal safety communications with their workers. Foremen-worker verbal safety exchanges (experience sampling method, n = 1,693 interviews), construction site safety level (correct vs. incorrect, n = 22,077 single observations), and safety climate (seven dimensions, n = 105 questionnaires) are measured over a period of up to 42 weeks. Results: Baseline measurements in the two intervention and three control groups reveal that foremen speak with their workers several times a day. Workers perceive safety as part of their verbal communication with their foremen in only 6-16% of exchanges, and the levels of safety at the sites range from 70-87% (correct observations). Measurements from baseline to follow-up in the two intervention groups reveal that safety communication between foremen and workers increases significantly in one of the groups (factor 7.1 increase), and a significant yet smaller increase is found when the two intervention groups are combined (factor 4.6). Significant increases in the level of safety are seen in both intervention groups (7% and 12% increases, respectively), particularly in regards to 'access ways' and 'railings and coverings' (39% and 84% increases, respectively). Increases in safety climate are seen in only one of the intervention groups with respect to their 'attention to safety.' No significant trend changes are seen in the three control groups on any of the three measures. Conclusions: Coaching construction site foremen to include safety in their daily verbal exchanges with workers has a significantly positive and lasting effect on the level of safety, which is a proximal estimate for work-related accidents. It is recommended that future studies include coaching and feedback at all organizational levels and for all involved parties in the construction process. Building client regulations could assign the task of coaching to the client appointed safety coordinators or a manager/supervisor, and studies should measure longitudinal effects of coaching by following foremen and their work gangs from site to site.     

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

北京市丰台区永定河以东浅层地下水水化学演变规律及成因分析

为更好支撑北京市丰台区地下水资源开发利用、污染管控与防治工作,以丰台区永定河以东区域枯水期浅层地下水长序列监测数据为基础,综合运用数理统计、Gibbs图和离子比例分析等方法探究了丰台区地下水水化学演变规律、形成机制及污染来源,结果表明：①研究区现状地下水质量整体较差,地下水中各指标平均浓度自1976年至今呈先升高后降低趋势,Cl^-、SO₄^2-和总硬度（TH）污染范围总体呈扩大趋势,溶解性总固体（TDS）和硝酸盐氮（NO₃^-）污染范围以2005年为拐点呈先扩大后缩小趋势;②各年份地下水中优势阴、阳离子均为HCO₃^-和Ca²⁺,1976年和2021年地下水水化学类型数依次为8和17种,其主要水型依次为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg·Na（40%）和HCO₃·Cl·SO₄-Ca·Na·Mg（23.88%）,各年份区域范围内与沿地下水流向上地下水水化学类型均呈现复杂化趋势,地下水水文地球化学演变过程中水化学组分受人为活动影响显著;③地下水受岩石风化和蒸发结晶双重作用,且以蒸发作用为主,地下水阳离子交替作用较弱,碳酸盐矿物的溶解为Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的主要来源;④离子比例分析得出,外源输入的NO₃^-和Cl^-主要来源于农业活动、城市污水,且2005年前农业活动污染影响较大,与研究区历史上大量渗坑、渗井、工业和生活污水灌溉直排关系密切.     

石化企业应急救援能力评估研究

随着应急能力建设逐步引起我国各行各业的重视,越来越多的石化企业己经开始加大对应急能力建设工作的力度,以尽可能的减少生产事故所带来的损失。作为石化企业应急能力建设的重要组成部分,石化企业生产事故应急救援能力的评价研究具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。本文首先对石化企业生产及事故特点和石化企业应急能力进行了详细的剖析,初步构建了石化企业生产事故应急能力评价指标体系。进而根据物元可拓性理论,结合石化企业的实际情况,运用可拓评判方法建立石化企业应急救援能力综合评判的模型,给出了评价步骤,最终确定企业的生产事故应急能力等级,从而对企业持续改进应急能力建设提供一定的参考。研究结果表明,该方法可应用于多层次的工程风险评价问题,从而为石化工程项目风险管理提供了一种有效的分析方法。