A parametric model of child body shape in seated postures

Objective: The shape of the current physical and computational surrogates of children used for restraint system assessments is based largely on standard anthropometric dimensions. These scalar dimensions provide valuable information on the overall size of the individual but do not provide good guidance on shape or posture. This study introduced the development of a parametric model that statistically predicts individual child body shapes in seated postures with a few given parameters.

Methods: Surface geometry data from a laser scanner of children ages 3 to 11 (n = 135) were standardized by a 2-level fitting method using intermediate templates. The standardized data were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to efficiently describe the body shape variance. Parameters such as stature, body mass index, erect sitting height, and 2 posture variables related to torso recline and lumbar spine flexion were associated with the PCA model using regression.

Results: When the original scan data were compared with the predictions of the model using the given subject dimensions, the average root mean square error for the torso was 9.5 mm, and the 95th percentile error was 17.35 mm.

Conclusions: For the first time, a statistical model of child body shapes in seated postures is available. This parametric model allows the generation of an infinite number of virtual children spanning a wide range of body sizes and postures. The results have broad applicability in product design and safety analysis. Future work is needed to improve the representation of hands and feet and to extend the age range of the model. The model presented in this article is publicly available online through HumanShape.org.     

Elemental analysis of lightweight metal scraps recovered by an automatic sorting technique combining a weight meter and a laser 3D shape-detection system

To verify the effectiveness of a new automatic sorting technique that combines a weight meter and a laser 3D shape-detection system, elemental analysis of lightweight metal scraps generated in end-of-life vehicle (ELV) shredder facilities was conducted using a handheld XRF analyzer. According to their 3D shape and chemical composition, aluminum scraps were classified into cast alloy (Alc) and wrought alloy (Alw) fragments, and magnesium scraps were classified into irregularly shaped and rod-like fragments. The average chemical composition of a group of fragments was estimated before and after the separation test using the developed automatic sorting technique. The results show that the production of wrought aluminum alloy from the mixture of Alc and Alw fragments is not realistic because the contents of some alloying elements greatly exceed the standard values, although these alloying elements greatly decrease after the Alc fragments are separated out. For the magnesium scraps, after the rod-like magnesium fragments originating from the steering column were separated from the irregularly shaped fragments, the average chemical compositions of the rod-like products and the irregularly shaped products clearly approached the standard compositions of AM60B and AZ91D alloys, respectively. Thus, it was confirmed that the developed automatic sorting technique contributes to recycling of lightweight metal scrap in the automobile industry.     

钢铁行业磁性纤维捕集非球形粉尘动力学研究

为研究非球形颗粒在磁场中被磁性纤维捕集的动力学行为,以钢铁行业炼钢过程中转炉和精炼炉中排放的转炉灰和精炼灰等两种粉尘为基础,利用形状系数计算公式得出的φ=0.21,0.78,0.81,1.00分别表示圆片形（厚度H=底面圆直径d/40）,椭球形（x轴赤道半径：y轴赤道半径：z轴极半径=a：b：c=1：1：4）,正方体形,球形颗粒,并对其进行研究.模拟结果表明,相同工况参数下,当形状系数接近时,捕集效率和运动轨迹与粉尘颗粒具体表现的形状特征无关.在传统单纤维捕集过程中,当入口风速v=0.1m/s,d_p>2.0μm时,形状系数相差越大,捕集效率差距越大.形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度大小与单纤维捕集效率增减呈正相关;在磁性纤维产生的磁场中v=0.1m/s,d_p>0.5μm时,形状系数相差越大,捕集效率差距越大.φ≥0.4时,捕集效率随形状系数的增加趋于稳定,形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度大小与单纤维捕集效率增减无关;在高梯度磁场中v=0.1m/s,d_p=1.0μm时,形状系数相差越大导致捕集效率之间差距越大的规律越明显.当v=0.1m/s,0.5μm≤d_p≤2.5μm时,形状系数对颗粒被捕集影响程度的大小与单纤维捕集效率增减呈正相关.     

小型燃油锅炉波形炉胆旋压成形工艺

波形炉胆是小型卧式锅壳式燃油燃气锅炉的重要部件 ,它的质量直接影响着锅炉的正常运行。采用模型压制成形工艺制造波形炉胆存在诸多缺点 ,难以保证其制造质量。文中介绍的波形炉胆旋压成形工艺却非常适合生产波形炉胆 ,可以明显提高产品质量和生产效率。     

2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾形态变化特征

为揭示近期中国沿海主要海湾形态的变化特征,基于Landsat影像提取2010年、2015年和2020年中国沿海主要海湾的空间信息,以海湾岸线类型结构、岸线开发利用程度、海湾面积、海湾形状和平面重心位移作为评价指标,分析2010—2020年中国沿海主要海湾的形态变化特征。结果表明：（1）近10年间中国沿海主要海湾岸线长度及结构变化显著,自然岸线长度和保有率下降;（2）海湾岸线开发利用程度上升,但上升速度开始放缓,大多数海湾属于中等开发程度;（3）海湾面积持续萎缩,但萎缩速度放缓,渤海海区海湾的面积萎缩幅度最大且速度最快;（4）海湾形状的变化趋势存在南北差异,北方趋于复杂,南方趋于简单,总体则趋于简单;（5）海湾平面重心在2015年后趋于稳定,位移距离减小,位移速度放缓。总的来说,海湾形态变化的主导因素是以围填海为主的人类活动,国家层面近年来实施的围填海管控政策和措施已在海湾形态变化方面初步显现成效。研究认为,应对中国沿海的海湾进行基本功能定位和划分,实施精细化分类管理,促进海湾区域“三生空间”布局优化。     

磨料形状对磨料气体射流冲蚀性能的影响研究

为明确磨料形状对高压磨料气体射流冲蚀效果的影响规律,基于LS-DYNA数值分析了磨料冲蚀靶体应力分布,根据横向裂纹和纵向裂纹建立了考虑磨料球形度的磨料射流冲蚀体积计算模型;分析了磨料形状的球形度,通过高压磨料气体射流破岩实验得出了磨料形状对冲蚀体积影响规律;对比分析理论计算结果和实验数据,验证计算模型吻合度较高,模型数学形式简单,且具有较好的工程适用性;结合理论分析和实验结果得出,磨料形状对冲蚀效果具有显著影响,随磨料球形度的增大,冲蚀体积呈指数增加;在相同冲蚀粒子数以及冲击动能情况下,磨料粒子球形度越高,棱角越尖锐,冲蚀体积越大。为高压磨料气体射流的磨料优选提供理论依据,冲蚀性能预测提供简易算法。     

Inferring Hydrograph Components from Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model1

Cheng, Shin-jen, 2010. Inferring Hydrograph Components From Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1171–1191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00484.x Abstract: This study investigates the characteristics of hydrograph components in a Taiwan watershed to determine their shapes based on observations. Hydrographs were modeled by a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. Mean rainfall was calculated using the block Kriging method. The optimal parameters for 42 events from 1966-2008 were calibrated using an optimal algorithm. Rationality of generated runoffs was well compared with a trusty model. Model efficacy was verified using seven averaged parameters with 25 other events. Hydrograph components were characterized based on 42 calibration results. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) except for multipeak storms, a correlation between base time of the surface runoff and soil antecedent moisture is a decreasing power relationship; (2) a correlation between time lag of the surface flow and soil antecedent moisture for single-peak storms is an increasing power relationship; (3) for single-peak events, times to peak of hydrograph components are an increasing power correlation corresponding to the peak time of rainfall; (4) the peak flows of hydrograph components are linearly proportional to that of total runoff, and the peak ratio for the surface runoff to total runoff is approximately 78 and 13% for subsurface runoff to total runoff; and (5) the relationships of total discharges have direct ratios between hydrograph components and observations of total runoffs, and a surface runoff is 60 and 32% for a subsurface runoff.     

废旧电路板破碎机设计研究

电路板因为具有韧性高、多组分的特性,在处理过程中不易被破碎。辊式破碎机具有结构简单、工作可靠、能耗低等特点,可用于废旧电路板的粗碎环节。该类辊式破碎机主要由电机、减速器、轴、齿辊、齿轮等组成,齿盘的齿牙形状、尺寸、排列可按电路板物料性质进行设计。首先通过设计计算并使用UG NX软件建立虚拟样机,分析了片状物料在破碎中受力情况;再使用Nastran模块对辊式破碎机的重要部件齿盘进行有限元分析,得出齿盘上承受载荷比较大的位置并对此提出了强化措施。     

储罐池火特性研究进展

总结了常见池火特性参数如燃烧速率、火焰形态、火焰脉动、热辐射通量的半经验公式,计算得出燃烧速率、火焰拖曳直径、火焰脉动随储罐直径变化规律,火焰倾角随风速变化规律,热辐射通量随距离的变化规律,确定了多个公式的适用范围,指出了多个特性参数存在的问题,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

基于扫描式激光多普勒测振仪的叶片工作变形研究

目的保证叶片结构的完整性。方法采用结构工作变形分析理论,借助扫描式激光多普勒测振仪多点、非接触、高精度测量的优点,搭建了一套发动机叶片工作变形分析试验系统。通过振动台对叶片施加快速正弦扫频的基础激励,用测振仪测量叶片表面55个测点的速度响应,然后用工作变形分析方法得到该叶片的前6阶固有频率和振型,用模态置信准则评估上述6阶振型之间的相关性。结果该叶片振型由低阶到高阶依次是一阶弯曲、两种不同节线的一阶扭转、二阶弯曲、二阶扭转、弯扭耦合,不同阶次振型的MAC值都小于或等于0.2。结论不同模态振型之间的相关性很低,证明了工作变形分析结果的正确性。