Relative Importance of the Area and Shape of Patches to the Diversity of Multiple Taxa

Abstract: Although enhancing reserve shape has been suggested as an alternative to enlarging nature reserves, the importance of reserve shape relative to reserve area remains unclear. Here we examined the relative importance of area and shape of forest patches to species richness, species composition, and species abundance (abundance of each species) for 3 taxa (33 birds, 41 butterflies, and 91 forest‐floor plants) in a fragmented landscape in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. We grouped the species according to their potential edge responses (interior‐, neutral‐, and edge‐species groups for birds and forest‐floor plants, woodland‐ and open‐land‐species groups for butterflies) and analyzed them separately. We used a shape index that was independent of area as an index of shape circularization. Hierarchical partitioning and variation partitioning revealed that patch area was generally more important than patch shape for species richness and species composition of birds and butterflies. For forest‐floor plants, effects of patch area and shape were small, whereas effects of local forest structure were large. Patch area and circularization generally increased abundances of interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants and woodland species of butterflies. Nevertheless, only patch circularization increased abundances of 1 woodland species of butterfly and 2 and 6 interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants, respectively. We did not find any significant interaction effects between patch area and shape. Our results suggest that although reserves generally should be large and circular, there is a trade‐off between patch area and shape, which should be taken into consideration when managing reserves.     

弹性波法测试火灾后混凝土动弹性模量应用研究

混凝土动弹性模量是混凝土构件在动荷载作用下应力与应变的比值,是混凝土建筑物承受动荷载(包括地震荷载、冲击、爆炸)作用及灾害影响(火灾、酸雨侵蚀等)后,分析结构力学特性的一个重要参数,同时也是评价混凝土耐久性安全性的一个关键指标.该文对比介绍了基于冲击弹性波的动弹性模量测试方法、原理,并给出相关验证实例及对比材料.通过对...     

MODELING NORTH CASCADES ANNUAL RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION USING DRAINAGE BASIN ELEVATION DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: The annual distribution of flow in a drainage basin within a given region is a function of many factors. These may include annual distribution of rainfall, basin orientation, ground cover, or presence of glaciers. Since the North Cascades region of northern Washington State has little variation in precipitation distribution by month, and the region has significant snowpack, one would predict that in an unregulated basin, basin elevation would be one of the most important factors impacting an annual hydrograph distribution. Such a prediction can be made since the higher a drainage basin is, the larger the portion of runoff that would occur as late spring snowmelt. Given that there is a relationship between elevation distribution and annual hydrograph, the problem becomes one of how to use this relationship to model an ungaged basin's hydrograph. This study concludes that, within the North Cascades region and perhaps within other regions, an effective method of determining annual flow distribution is to model ungaged flows in the same manner as flows from a gaged basin with an elevation distribution similar to that of the subject basin.     

形状记忆合金丝-橡胶支座钢框架隔震效果分析

根据作者开发研制的形状记忆合金丝一橡胶复合支座，建立了传统抗震结构和两种不同支座隔震结构体系的运动方程，并对某个实际工程四层钢框架结构进行了数值模拟，分析其在阪神波和El Centro波作用下的时程反应。研究表明，SMA丝一橡胶复合支座是一种很有效的隔震装置，将它用于钢框架结构，能有效地减小结构的位移、速度及加速度时程反应，而对于加速度峰值较大的阪神波的隔震效果更为明显，说明该复合支座能有效地提供罕遇地震作用下钢结构的隔震效果。     

铝型材挤压平模CAD系统的开发

介绍了铝型材挤压平模CAD系统的总体结构和设计要素.该系统以AUTOCAD12.0为图形支撑环境,VISUAL BASIC4.0 FOR WINDOWS作为开发工具,采用交互式设计,完成了从型材图形输入到模具图纸输出的全过程.利用该系统可以进行挤压平模设计的各项计算,通过优化选择,设计出尺寸精确、结构合理的模具.     

雾化器电子盒模具设计

介绍了雾化器电子盒复合模具的设计,并对其工作过程和成形做了较详细的阐述。     

拱型屋面弯曲回弹变形、强度和稳定性的研究

计算了拱型屋面弯曲回弹变形 ;分析了在对称和非对称载荷作用下拱型屋面弯曲应力 ;计算了在对称载荷作用下拱型屋面临界载荷 ,计算结果表明 :拱型屋面的破坏不是强度不足 ,而是失稳所致。     

飞机客舱安全疏散影响因素研究

为提高和优化民航客机安全疏散效率,选取出口个数、出口位置、出口宽度和过道宽度四个因素,基于steering模型构建仿真模型,分析不同因素对疏散效率的影响。结果表明,前后出口疏散效率优于中间出口,且出口大于3个时,增加出口对疏散效率影响不显著;出口宽度从50cm增加到65cm,疏散效率提升明显,大于65cm之后,对疏散影响不显著;过道宽度设置为70cm较为合理;客舱前后区域疏散时间差异明显,前部疏散明显快于后部;通过优化客舱布局,设置合理的结构参数,消除了过道和出口瓶颈,并显著提升了客舱人员疏散效率。     

Effect of shape of nanoparticle on heat transfer and entropy generation of nanofluid-jet impingement cooling

ABSTRACT

Al₂O₃/water nanofluid has been numerically examined for the first time with different nanoparticle shapes including, cylindrical, blade, brick, platelet and spherical, on the flat and triangular-corrugated impinging surfaces. The volume fractions of 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% nanoparticles have been used. The Reynolds number is between 100–500 depending on the slot diameter. The finite volume method is utilized to determine the governing equations. The study is analyzed to determine how the flow features, heat transfer features and entropy production were affected by the diversity of nanoparticle shape, nanoparticle volume fraction, and shape of impinging surface. Darcy friction factor and Nusselt number are studied in detail for different conditions. The temperature contours are presented in the case of different nanoparticle volume fractions, nanoparticle shapes and both impinging surfaces. The results of the study suggest that the nanoparticle shape of the platelet shows the highest heat transfer development due to the thinner thermal boundary layer. Heat transfer augments with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition, the study is consistent with the results of the literature on heat transfer and flow properties.     

超高速撞击下空间碎片形状效应研究进展

在对国内外超高速撞击条件下空间碎片形状效应研究技术路线进行分析的基础上,介绍了近年来国内外研究人员在超高速撞击条件下形状效应领域的研究现状和最新进展,并立足国内航天器空间碎片防护工程需求现状,结合研究现状和最新进展,探讨了我国未来在超高速撞击条件下空间碎片形状效应研究领域的发展方向。